James Paul Wesley - Detailed Bibliography and PDFs

From Benjamin Wesley Publisher, the free source of James Paul Wesley's works and references

PUBLICATION Title	Year	Month	Publisher	Abstract	Conclusion	Keywords	Ref. Vol.	Issue No.	Page	doi/ Other Ref.	Doc. Ext. Link	PDF
The Weber Cosmological Condition and Wesley Gravitation	2001	June	Physics Essays	Weber electrodynamics predicts the Kaufmann-Bucherer experiments and the fine structure energy level splitting of the H-atom (neglecting spin) without mass change with velocity (i.e., mass ≠ m₀/√(1 − v²/c²). The Weber potential for the gravitational case yields Newtonian mechanics, confirming Mach's principle. It provides a cosmological condition yielding an estimated radius of the universe of 8 × 10⁹ light years. Despite these successes, the independent evidence for Kaufmann mechanics, where mass changes with velocity (i.e., mass = m₀/√(1 − v² /c²) is convincing. Perhaps a slight alteration may make the Weber theory compatible with Kaufmann mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]	The Weber Cosmological Condition and Wesley Gravitation – placeholder.	Key words: Weber gravitation, Wesley gravitation, Mach's principle, electrodynamics, Weber theory, Kaufmann experiment, Mach's principle confirmed, radius of universe, Kaufmann mechanics evidence for	14	2	160-163	doi:10.4006/1.3025476 ISSN: 0836-1398	External Link	PDF
The Horizontal Electric Dipole in a Conducting Half–Space	1953	September	Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego	This report gives a thorough and complete account of the mathematical problems involved in the determination of the electromagnetic field components generated by a horizontal electric dipole embedded in a conducting half-space whose plane boundary is also horizontal. The problem is formulated by introducing the Hertzian vectors or polarization potentials and employing the technique of triple Fourier transforms in Cartesian coordinates, in configuration space as well as in transform space. Suitable integral representations are obtained for the components of the Hertzian vectors. It is shown that this formulation is fundamental in the sense that it contains 'per se’ all other known formulations of the problem. Thus, by suitable transformations of the variable or variables of integration one readily obtains the formulations of Sommerfeld (1909), Weyl (1919), Ott (1942), etc. Further, by correctly specifying the original path of integration in Sommerfeld’s formulation of the problem and by carefully analyzing the class of permissible deformations of the original path, the whole moot question of poles and residues is clarified in a straightforward manner. The report also presents the complete independent solution of the static problem and it is shown that all solutions for the alternating case converge uniformly to the static solutions as the frequency is made to vanish. Further, the static solution is applied to an extended source pointing out the way for a similar extension of the alternating dipolar solution. The Cartesian components of the Hertzian vectors and the cylindrical components of the field vectors (E and H) are given, for both media, in terms of four fundamental integrals, which are expanded in asymptotic series by saddle point methods, two of these integrals belonging to the conducting medium and the other two to the free space above. It is shown, in the treatment of each of the four integrals mentioned, that there are two distinct asymptotic contributions arising from two saddle points and the notable feature of the results is that one of the saddle points yields a solution which is not exponentially attenuated in the horizontal direction in accordance with known experimental results. Thus, the possibility of large ranges of the field in the horizontal direction at depths which are not too great is clearly established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]	The Horizontal Electric Dipole in a Conducting Half–Space – placeholder.	Key words: conducting half-space, horizontal electric dipole					External Link	PDF
Thermodynamic estimate of the likelihood of life in the solar system	1967	August	Elsevier: Journal of Biosystems	Life is taken to be a property of open thermodynamic systems which reduce the entropy of compounds taken from the environment. To support entropy reducing processes an environment must increase the entropy of the universe with time, the greater such entropy production the greater the likelihood of life. The entropy production of the planets is determined by the difference in the entropy between incident solar photons and reradiated thermal photons. Mass transport, which is necessary for life, is estimated in terms of atmospheric mixing for the various planets. A number of miscellaneous characteristics are also considered. Earth appears most favorable for life. Mars probably has primitive thermodynamic life in the form of crystal growth. Life on the other bodies in the solar system appears unlikely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]	From miscellaneous criteria for estimating the likelihood of life on the planets: Since life as viewed through the electron microscope appears to have many crystalline features and is in a state of relatively low entropy, the environment which can support life should admit the possibility of solids existing. The outer layer of the sun effects a tremendous entropy production, thermal energy being degraded from a temperature of about two million degrees in the interior to a temperature of only six thousand degrees at the surface. This provides a tremendous potential for ordering processes to occur; but since no solids can be present (unless perhaps the interior of sun spots is much cooler than is presently assumed) at the elevated temperatures of the sun, no life can exist.	Key words: life in the solar system, entropy of compounds, incident solar photons, reradiated thermal photons, necessary for life, open thermodynamic systems, entropy reducing processes, increase of entropy of the universe, likelihood of life	1	3	214-221	doi:10.1016/0303–2647(67)90059-7 NASA Grant No.: NCR 26 004 014	External Link	PDF
Oscillating Vertical Magnetic Dipole Above a Conducting Half–Space	1961	April	California University, Livermore. Lawrence Radiation Lab	The electromagnetic field produced by a vertical oscillating magnetic dipole above a plane conducting earth is obtained in integral form. An exact solution in closed form is obtained for the case in which the dipole and the point of observation are both located on the surface of the earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]	A vertical oscillating magnetic dipole on the surface of an infinite plane conducting earth yields an electromagnetic field at the surface of the earth given exactly by Eqs. (48) for all ranges of the parameters. For points of observation less than a wavelength in the conducting earth away from the source, k₁ p < \|k₂ p\| << 1, Eqs. (50) show that the magnetic field varies as p^-3 and the electric field varies as p^-2. For distances from the source greater than a wavelength in the conducting earth but less than a wavelength in air, k₁p << 1 < \|k₂p\|, Eqs. (49) show that the magnetic field varies as p^-m where 2 < m <3, and the electric field also varies as p^-n where 2 < n <3. For distances greater than a wavelength in air, both the electric and magnetic field components, Eqs. (48), vary a s p^-².	Key words: physics, dipoles, earth, electromagnetic fields, magnetism, oscillations, space, surfaces			1-17	doi:10.2172/4838586 Report Number(s): UCRL-6467/ DOE Contract Number: W-7405-ENG-48	External Link	PDF
SHIELDING AGAINST MAGNETIC RADIATION LOSS FROM A HOT PLASMA	1959	June	California University, Livermore. Lawrence Radiation Lab	Some concern has been expressed over the possibility that the magnetic radiation, i.e., the radiation from charges spiraling in a magnetic field, might cool a plasma rapidly enough to make a D-D fusion burn impossible in any device of reasonable size. The present paper concerns the possibility of using a metallic shield to return this magnetic-radiation energy back to the plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]	It may be concluded that the magnetic radiation loss may be easily reduced by a factor of about 5 x 10^-3 by using a good conducting shield. If any significant improvement over this figure is desired, elaborate methods must be employed to cool the shield to very low temperatures of the order of 5 to 10 Degrees absolute. Since no measurements have been made of the actual flux of magnetic radiation from a plasma, and since there is some doubt that the flux will, indeed, be 1arge, there is no need to suggest anything other than a simple metallic shield at this time. Such a shield will also be effective and desirable for shorter-wave-length radiation (visible).	Key words: Deuterium, Electric Conductivity, Electromagnetism, High Temperature, Losses, Metals, Plasma, Radiations, Shielding, Thermonuclear Reactions, Controlled Thermonuclear Processes				doi:10.2172/4212214 Report Number(s): UCRL-5606/ DOE Contract Number: W-7405-ENG-48	External Link	PDF
Ecophysics the Application of Physics to Ecology	1974	January	Re-published in 1997: Benjamin Wesley, Blumberg Germany Charles C. Thomas Springfield Illinois	ECOPHYSICS, The Application of Physics to Ecology is the first to be published in the area of ecophysics and presents original research done over the last twelve years in ecology using theoretical physics. The word "ecophysics", an abbreviation for ecological physics, is the study of ecology where physics is used as an important tool. The mets of designating this interdisciplinary field is based upon the time–honored precedent established by such fields as biophysics, geophysics, astrophysics and space physics. The field of ecology is assumed here to cover a broad range of topics, in particular any area of research dealing with life as it naturally occurs which does not involve any detailed internal examination of individual organisms. This new interdisciplinary field opens up whole new vistas for research and is bound to attract an increasing amount of attention in the future. Written primarily for physicists and mathematicians interested in theoretical ecology, this test should also interest ecologists, biologists, environmentalists, and exobiologists who have some background in mathematics and physics. Being interdisciplinary in scope, certain portions will be of special interest to power engineers, psychologists, anthropologists, sociologists, gerontologists, philosophers of science, and others. This book contains original research on selected problems in ecophysics and no attempt has been made to survey all possible topics. Ecophysics, employing the rigorous concepts of physics, requires its own definitions, laws and jargon. In order to familiarize the reader with these novel ideas and to demonstrate their utility, sufficient material had to be presented at one time, which has let to the present publication in book form. [FROM AUTHOR]	Chapter XII: Behavior predicted by energy need: The present theory indicates that there is a very great need for experiments that measure the energies involved in behavior. Essentially nothing has been done in this important area of experimental research as yet. No experimenter has as yet measured motivational strengths in energy units as suggested by the present theory. The rate that a rat presses a lever in a Skinner box (Heron and Skinner, 1967) may be proportional to the rate of energy expenditure, but no one has as yet determined the proportionality constant. Activity measurements using an activity cage are similarly never converted to fundamental units of a rate of energy expenditure. Because of the fundamental role of energy in science, it may be safely stated that the psychology of motivation will develop into a true quantitative science only after the appropriate experiments (such as indicated in the present Chapter) involving energy have been performed. In the literature there are some real attempts to put motivation on a scientific quantitative scale (e.g. Birch and Veroff, 1966), but unfortunately the greatest volume of literature indicates little recognition of the real problems and little desire to resolve the problems by experiment (e.g. Weiner, 1972).	Key words: quantitative science, psychology of motivation, proportionality constant, behavior predicted by energy, activity measurements, activity cage	8	4	340	Re-Print ISBN: 3–9800942–6–XISBN: 0398029598	External Link	BOOK
Causal quantum theory - Book	1983	December	Benjamin Wesley Blumberg, Germany	Causal Quantum Theory presents original research derived from more than 35 years of study. Quantum mechanics is treated in a completely causal deterministic manner. Particle trajectories, which yield interference and diffraction patters, are prescribed necessarily and uniquely. The centuries old wave particle problem is resolved. It is shown how particles, passing through two pinholes, travel along discrete trajectories to yell the double pinhole interference pattern. Initial positions determine which photons are reflected and which refracted at an interface; no probabilistic ideas are needed. The penetration of a barrier is the result of the quantum potential. The discrete trajectories and motion of the electron in the hydrogen atom are presented The motion of a particle in a box, the simple harmonic oscillator, and other examples are given. The Michelson–Morley result is revealed as a Doppler effect as originally predicted by Voigt in 1887 using absolute space–time. Absolute space–time physics is discussed in detail. This book provides the indispensable tools for physics of tomorrow. [FROM AUTHOR]	Causal quantum theory – placeholder.	Key words: wave particle problem, interference pattern, hydrogen atom, Michelson-Morley result, absolute space-time, quantum potential				ISBN: 3980094200 9783980094207 OCLC 10621692 Desc.: xxiii, 405 pages : illustrations ; 21 cm		BOOK
The Bethe-Weizsäcker Mass Formula and Lennard–Jones N–N Potentials	1968	June	American Journal of Physics	An elementary derivation of the Bethe-Weizsäcker semiempirical nuclear mass formula which is in the spirit of current views of nuclear structure, is given. Lennard-Jones potentials are assumed to act between nucleons. Thus the major interaction between nn, pp, and np pairs is taken of the form –g/r³ +h/r⁴, where r is the separation distance between nucleons, and g and h are constants. An additional “symmetry” interaction of the form −s/r³ is assumed for np pairs. Summing the potential energy over all nucleon pairs and using the Fermi statistical estimate of the kinetic energy, the Bethe-Weizsäcker semiempirical mass formula is obtained directly. The constants of the mass formula are discussed in relation to the N-N interaction and are found to be quite plausible. [FROM AUTHOR]	The Bethe-Weizsäcker Mass Formula and Lennard–Jones N–N Potentials – placeholder.	Key words: Nucleons, Semi empirical calculations, Nuclear masses, Nuclear structure	36	12	1093-1096	doi:10.1119/1.1974371 ISSN: 0002–9505	External Link	PDF
Classical Quantum Theory - Paper	1995	April	APEIRON	From the extensive observations and the ideas of Newton and from classical physical optics the velocity of a quantum particle is given by w = S/ E , where S is the Poynting vector and E the wave energy density. Integrating w = dr/dt yields the quantum particle motion along a discrete trajectory as a function of time and initial conditions. All observables are thus precisely predicted. The wave velocity equals the classical particle velocity, where the de Broglie wavelength and the Planck frequency conditions are k = p / ℏ and ω = p ⋅ v / ℏ . For bound particle motion, the space part of the wave function ψ(r,t)=ψ(r,T,t) satisfies the usual time-independent Schrödinger equation, and so the usual eigenvalues are predicted. The reasons the traditional quantum theory is unable to make precise valid predictions in general and the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation are discussed. [FROM AUTHOR]	The classical quantum theory presented here is able to successfully account for a vast amount of empirical evidence that cannot be explained by the traditional Schrödinger quantum theory. The classical quantum theory readily reveals the precise motion of quantum particles along discrete trajectories that yield interference and transient wave phenomena. It indicates, in terms of the initial positions of photons in the incident beam, which photons are transmitted and which are reflected at a dielectric interface (Wesley 1988), no intrinsic probabilities being involved. The idea of inherent unpredictability, which the traditional quantum theory needs to excuse its inability to make precise valid predictions, is not a feature of the precise classical quantum theory. The underlying cause of the wave behavior exhibited by quantum particles remains obscure. The classical quantum theory presented here is able to show how quantum particles move to exhibit interference and wave phenomena; but it does not say why quantum particles should move in this fashion.	Key words: motion of quantum particles, classical quantum theory, interference and wave phenomena, classical particle velocity	2	2	27-30		External Link	PDF
The Marinov Motor, Notional Induction without a Magnetic B Field	1998	July-October	APEIRON	The force F of induction on a charge q due to a slowly time changing magnetic vector potential A is F = − qdA/dtc = −q∂A/∂tc = − q(V⋅∇)A/c, where V = v−v′ is the relative velocity between the charge q with a velocity v and the source of the A field with the velocity v′. For the Marinov motor, described below, v′ = 0 , ∂A/∂t = 0, ∇⋅A = 0 and B = ∇×A = 0, so the force driving the motor is given by − q(v ⋅ ∇)A/c , and the Lorentz-Maxwell theory, requiring a B field to produce a ponderomotive force, fails. [FROM AUTHOR]	Ampère’s original force law is between two current elements When the current is switched off, no force exists. This force law, thus, clearly involves the force between two electron current elements. Yet the force that Ampère actually observed was the force on the positive ions or on the metal itself. Only the mechanism of an internally produced effective charge separation and an effective internal electric field can account for the phenomena observed. In the Marinov motor the ponderomotive force driving the rotor is parallel to the current flow. Since this ponderomotive force must be matched by an equivalent induced electromotive force in the same direction, a slightly greater current will flow on one side of the rotor as compared with the other.	Key words: Marinov motor, failure of Lorentz-Maxwell theory, no B field, Ampère's original force law, pondermotive force	5	3-4	219-225		External Link	PDF
A theorem and proof for the total time derivative of a vector field as seen by a moving point	1999	July-October	APEIRON The Ephemeris		A theorem and proof for the total time derivative of a vector field as seen by a moving point – placeholder.		6	3-4	237-238		External Link	PDF
Induction Produces Aharonov-Bohm Effect	1998	January-April	APEIRON The Ephemeris	A charge e, moving with the velocity v through a time-constant space-varying magnetic potential field A, experiences a force of motional induction given by F = − e(v⋅∇)A/c. Although the magnetic field is zero, B = 0; this force acts on the electrons passing on the two sides of a long solenoid to produce the phase shift difference observed in the Aharonov-Bohm effect. [FROM AUTHOR]	Induction Produces Aharonov-Bohm Effect – placeholder.	Key words: Space-varying magnetic potential, Aharonov-Bohm effect	5	1-2	73-78		External Link	PDF
Order versus Chaos in a Steady-State Cosmology	1996	July-Oct	APEIRON	It is shown that evidence claimed to reveal an irreversible universe can be explained in a steady-state universe. The age of rocks is local. The abundances of the elements are established in stars and novas. The cosmological red shift is a gravitational red shift; the value of the Hubble constant being thus derived. Olber’s paradox is resolved by the cosmological red shift. The 2.7°K background is shown to be the cosmologically red shifted light from the farthest galaxies. The second law of thermodynamics is obeyed for local entropy reducing or ordering processes (such as life) by excess high entropy, or chaos, being radiated off into deep space as thermal radiation. The universe is then rejuvenated by the high entropy radiation, or chaos, in deep space being converted gravitationally back into low entropy gravitational potential energy, or order. [FROM AUTHOR]	Fluctuations away from equilibrium: If the process of conversion of thermal energy to gravitational energy were to be in equilibrium, then the reverse process would lead to thermal equilibrium and the ultimate “heat death.” To escape the “heat death,” not only must the universe be rejuvenated by conversion of energy of low utility to energy of high utility, but some sort of nonequilibrium must occur. In ordinary statistical mechanics such nonequilibrium states are allowed as fluctuations. Statistically temporary condensations of molecules can occur. The life-time of such condensations, or fluctuations, depends on the thermal velocities of the molecules and their mean free paths. A local gravitational condensation of matter, or fluctuation, can occur if the surrounding environment is transparent to thermal photons. The coupling between radiation and gravitation in this process depends upon the mean free paths of the photons. In particular, a photon loses half its energy gravitationally after traveling a distance D given by the cosmological red shift; thus, D = c∆ε/Hε = c /2H . With this distance as the mean free path of a photon, the life-time τ of a local fluctuation can then be of the order of magnitude τ = D /c = 1/ 2H = 6.1 x 109 years, assuming a Hubble constant H = 80 km/s Mpc. The age of our local region of the universe, as indicated by the oldest rocks, is about 4.5 x 109 years. Thus, the local nonequilibrium that we observe may, in fact, be interpreted as a fluctuation in the cosmological sense.	Key words: temporary condensations, cosmological red shift, gravitational red shift, Hubble constant, local entropy reducing process, high entropy radiation	3	3-4	92-98		External Link	PDF
Solar System Velocity from Muon Flux Anisotropy	1996	April	APEIRON	The cosmic-ray muon half-life, being proportional to γ = 1/√(1 − v²/c²), depends upon its absolute velocity v² = v′² +2v′⋅v_o + v_o² , where v′ is the muon velocity relative to the Earth and vo is the absolute velocity of the solar system. The sea-level muon flux then depends upon vo through v′⋅v_o . An approximate theory is presented for the absolute velocity of the solar system vo as a function of the expected anisotropy of the sea-level flux of muons as a function of the celestial direction of v′ . A cosmic ray telescope was used to measure the muon flux as a function of the celestial direction. The observations yield a solar system velocity of v_o = 359 ± 180 km/s in the direction of right ascension α_o = 8.7 ± 3.5^h and declination δ_o = –1.1 ± 10.0° in reasonable agreement with results reported involving other methods. [FROM AUTHOR]	The absolute velocity of the solar system measured using the anisotropy of the cosmic-ray muon flux is presented in Table 1. The error involved is rather large. Yet the anisotropy, while broad, is quite real, and the mean value observed agrees with measurements using other methods. The present results thus serve to confirm the value of the absolute velocity of the solar system obtained by other (more accurate) methods. The present result demonstrates empirically for the first time the fact that the appropriate particle velocity to be used in the γ factor, γ = 1/√(1 − v²/c²), is the absolute velocity of the particle. Results might be improved by eliminating more of the background coincidences by using an improved cosmic ray telescope. An appropriate array of Geiger-Müller counters registering muon produced cosmic ray “showers” might serve the purpose. A large uncertainty exists in the estimate of the value of K, defined by Equations (17) and (20), which produces a corresponding uncertainty in the reported magnitude of the absolute velocity of the solar system v_o , as indicated by the first of Equations (27). The reported direction, α_o and δ_o , is independent of this uncertainty. A more detailed analysis of the various processes involving muons in the atmosphere should be able to reduce this uncertainty.	Key words: Cosmic ray muon flux, absolute solar system velocity	3	2	33-37		External Link	PDF
The Two Velocities of Classical Waves	2004	June	Physics Essays	Classical waves in a medium, valid for light and for sound, involve two velocities, the phase velocity c' and the energy velocity c, which in general are different both in direction as well as in magnitude. Doppler effects for a moving source and observer and for a wind are derived. The out-and-back phase velocity of a wave in a wind is proved to be isotropic according to classical wave theory, which explains the Michelson-Morley null result as simply a classical Doppler effect. Feist has recently experimentally demonstrated the isotropy of the out-and-back phase velocity of sound in a wind, thereby confirming classical wave theory and duplicating for sound the Michelson-Morley null result for light. [FROM AUTHOR]	Four of the authors eight conclusions are mentioned here: 1. Since the out-and-back phase velocity of light is isotropic in an ether wind; standing light, or electrodynamic, waves, involving back and forth travelling waves will reveal no orientation effects with respect to the ether wind or due to the direction of the setup's motion with respect to absolute space. The resonating frequency in a cavity is, thus, unaffected by its orientation in space, as is empirically observed. Similarly, no alteration in the standing electrodynamic wave pattern on a wire has ever been detected with a change in the direction of the wire. 2. Since the out-and-back phase velocity of light is c^--'= c(1-v²/c²) in an ether wind of velocity v: the phase velocity in a resonating cavity is c^--'and not the energy velocity c. Since the velocity of the ether wind, the absolute velocity of the solar system, as determined by various methods is about 300 km/s and v²/c² ~ 10^-6; the value for the “velocity of light” listed to 9 places in the tables of physical constant, that is erroneously chosen as the cavity value c^-^-', is in error in the 6th place. 3. Since the Fizeau-Michelson method, that is supposed to measure energy velocity of light c, depends upon the out-and-back time for a light signal to travel a known distance; it also measures instead of the out-and-back phase velocity c^--'in the ether wind. It is, thus, also subject to precisely the same error as the cavity method. 4. To correct the phase velocity c^-^-' to obtain the true energy velocity c to better than 6 places a reliable value for the absolute velocity of the solar system, or the ether wind, is needed, as best done by Marinov's coupled mirrors method with the improvements suggested by Wesley.	Key words: classical waves, energy velocity, Feist's results, light, Michelson-Morley, phase velocity, sound, Speed of light, speed of sound, Doppler effect, waves (physics), sound waves	17	2	159-165			PDF
Classical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics	1961	June	Physics Review	Following de Broglie, Bohm, and others, it is assumed that quantum mechanics may be interpreted causally and that the ψ function plays the role of a generating function for particle trajectories. By arguing that the ψ function should not be interpreted as a probability amplitude, a new method for generating particle trajectories is postulated. The four-momentum of a scalar particle is assumed to be given as the gradient of an unspecified function F(ψ), where ψ is a pure real solution of the Klein-Gordon equation. Since the location of a particle is determined solely by its trajectory, the probability distribution differs from ψψ∗ ; and therefore, ordinary experimental results differing from the traditional theory may, in principle, be predicted. Particle motion and trajectories are discussed for three examples: a free particle, a particle in a box, and the double slit. [FROM AUTHOR]	Although the present theory appears to resolve a number of difficulties present in the traditional quantum theory and suggests that submicroscopic phenomena may be amenable to investigation with the fruitful tools of classical physics, it still fails to present the actual classical problem being solved. Although a simple prescription for finding more-or-less reasonable trajectories, which seem to be superior to those prescribed by previous causal theories, has been given, the classical situation that gives rise to this prescription remains obscure. Since the wavelike appearance of particles is assumed here to be only approximate, eventually it should be possible to suggest an ordinary experiment that will distinguish between the theory presented here and other theories. No experiment is suggested at this time because of the difficulty, largely mathematical, in ascertaining f(r₀), Eq. (24). The theory presented here yields exactly the same energy eigenvalues, energy differences, and wave functions as the traditional quantum theory; therefore, it may be assumed that perturbation theory, transition probabilities, and quantum statistics remain unchanged. The so-called penetration of a potential barrier by a particle, although requiring a different physical interpretation, can be expected to be formally similar to the traditional quantum theory. The present theory, in common with all causal theories, requires an explanation for the apparently random emission of radioactive particles – contrary to the traditional theory which assumes the radioactive decay process to be intrinsically chaotic. Further work is needed to extend the present theory beyond the case of a single scalar particle.	Key words: Random emission of radioactive particles, perturbation theory, transition probabilities, quantum statistics	122	6	1932-1941	APS Physics	External Link	PDF
Michelson-Morley null result for sound and light is a classical Doppler effect	2005	January	Hadronic Journal	Feist has shown the out & back phase velocity of sound to be isotropic with respect to wind (- v) with magnitude c'(out & back) = c(l – v²/c²), which results from the oneway phase velocity for the classical Doppler effect, c' = c(1 - v • c/c²). Since light is also a classical wave; and since the Michelson-Morley null result also shows the out & back phase velocity to be isotropic with respect to the ether wind; the M-M null result is also simply a classical Doppler effect. [FROM AUTHOR]	The article proves that the Michelson-Morley null result is a classical Doppler effect. And the space-time explanation of "special relativity" is wrong, along with its many other failure.	Key words: Doppler effect, space-time, special relativity	28	5	513		External Link	PDF
Religion a Product of Territoriality			Benjamin Wesley	Readers of this essay on religion will get a unique view into J.P. Wesley's life and upbringing and how that shaped his religious views. In addition, in line with his multidisciplinary approach to physics he is able to raise interesting theories that tie religion to common thermodynamic ordering processes and the need to maximize biomass in a minimum sustainable area to survive. This optimization process in turn explains why territorial frictions arise, which increase the risk of wars and how religion plays a role in these general processes that shape the behavior of social units. [SUMMARY FROM PUBLISHER]	The theory based on primary and corollary laws of ordering processes in nature: 1. pV = nRT explaining a complex system such as a bottle of argon gas. 2. Goods will be generated and distributed such as to maximize the total time-average biomass (or ecomass). 3. Sexual behavior of a society will be such as to maximize the time-average biomass (or ecomass). 4. Statistical thermodynamic systems open to deep space with temperatures greater than 2.5degK proceed toward states of lower entropy. 5. The biosphere and ecosystems tend toward maximum biomass. 6. The direction of the evolution of life is such as to increase the biomass of the biosphere and ecosystems. 7. The time-average behavior of humans en mass is such as to maintain and increase the biomass (or ecomass) of the ecosystem. 8. Individuals of social units of a particular species will distribute themselves over an area suitable for life such that each occupies a minimum territory for survival.	Key words: Ecophysics, maximizing biomass, maximizing ecomass, minimum territory for survival			1-26	Self-published		PDF
Erratum: Experimental Results of Aspect et al. Confirm Local Causality	1998	December	Physics Essays	Prof. Caroline H. Thompson of the University of Wales has brought to my attention an error by a factor of 2 in my expression for the classically expected relative coincidence counts for the experiment of Aspect et al. [FROM AUTHOR]	In order to observe two cascade photons from the same atom, as required for (2), the photo-detectors used would have had to be essentially 100% efficient, detecting each and every photon incident on the detector. Since photo-detectors in the wavelength range of interest generally require about 200 photons to produce one count, Aspect et al. could have only detected the classical result (1) and not the claimed result (2).	Key words: Local Causality	11	4	610-610	Physics Essays Publication	External Link	PDF
Frequency of wars and geographical opportunity	1962	December	The Journal of Conflict Resolution	It will be shown here that the relationship between the frequency of wars and the size of wars may be derived on the basis of geographical opportunity alone. It is, of course, reasonable to expect geographical opportunity to affect the frequency of wars, since the frequency of wars between neigh- boring countries is greater than the frequency of wars between countries widely separated geographically. A man is much more likely to quarrel with his next-door neighbor than with someone several houses removed. Interactions of all sorts, both constructive as well as destructive, are more frequent between people in adjacent areas than between those widely separated geo- graphically [FROM AUTHOR].	It cannot be claimed that the derivation of the distribution formula, equation (6) log₁₀ (df/d log₁₀n) = C - 0.5 log₁₀n, in terms of geographical opportunity alone is the only derivation possible. An investigation involving some direct measure of the geographical opportunity (such as a correlation of frequency of wars between two	Key words: Geographical opportunity, frequency of wars, magnitude of wars, number of boundaries	6	4	387-389	Sage Publications, Inc.	External Link	PDF
Inertial Mass Energy Equivalence	2001	January	Physics Essays	Introducing an inertial mass equivalent of the Coulomb potential energy, M = −U₀/c², the rate at which U₀ decreases as a charge q recedes from a fixed charge q′ equals the rate of increase in kinetic energy, dU₀/dt = −Vd[(m − U₀/c²)V]/dt, where m is the material mass of q. Integrating, the total energy is E = c²m(1 − (1 − V²/c²)1/2) + U₀√(1 − V²/c² U₀ + (m − U₀/C²)V²/2. The portion U = (qq′/R)(1 − V²/2c²) is the Weber velocity potential. The net mass of an electron, me − eV/c², in a uniform electrostatic potential field ζ has been measured as a function of ζ. Applying the Weber theory to gravitation, −Gmm′ replacing qq′, the far masses in the universe yield the force F = (m₀/c²)a = −(U/c²)a in agreement with Mach's principle and inertial mass‐potential energy equivalence. Associating an inertial mass with the kinetic energy K yields neomechanics, where K = c²m√ (1/(1 − v²/c²) − 1) [SUMMARY FROM PUBLISHER].	The mass equivalent of the total internal energy of a closed system has been used to derive the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula for the masses of the elements using a Lennard-Jones nucleon-nucleon potential.⁽¹³⁾ In this case a mass equivalent is idnetified with plus the potential energy, M' = + U/c², which would seem to conflict with the negative sign used in (1) above. The situations are, however, quite different. The interital mass equivalent in (1) is a small second-order correction. For example, in (7) the total energy involves hte usual kinetic and potential energies minus the correction as a small decrease in the kinetic energy – (U₀/c²)V²/2. The mass equivalent of the total energy M' = E/c² would thus include htis small negative second-order correction as – [U₀/c²)V²/2]/c², which varies as 1/c⁴.	Key words: Inertial mass-energy equivalence, Weber potential, Mach's principle, neomechanics	14	1	62-65	Physics Essays Publication	External Link	PDF
Earnshaw and Thomson's Problem	1987	November	American Journal of Physics	Readers of the American Journal of Physics who have tended to believe the Berezin approach to solving "Thomson's Problem" and the idea that electric charges can adopt mutually stable configurations in their electric interactions, must have been startled by the letter of H. Aspden in your March issue [FROM AUTHOR].	Can it be that belief in Einstein is so strong that we no longer pay attention when new and relevant experimental facts come to light? Yet, as Aspden implies, even J. J. Thomson had the sense to ignore Earnshaw's theorem, in the interests of advancing our knowledge, so why it is that our minds are so closed on the "aether" question?	Key words: Modulation of standing waves, laser beam direct retroreflection, motion of the laboratory, preferred reference frame, physical aether	55	11	971	Letter to the Editor		PDF
Light, a Flux of Electric Dipole Photons	2003	December	Physics Essays	Particles to be viewed macroscopically as an electrodynamic light wave must make up a coherently spatially arrayed flux of electric dipole photons. The photons must move as a function of time and initial conditions along trajectories prescribed by the integrals of their velocity w, given by w = S/E, where S = ∇Ψ∂Ψ/∂t, E = (∇Ψ)²/2 + (∂Ψ/∂tc)²/2, and Ψ is a solution to the wave equation. Since a distribution of induced electric dipoles in a medium yields a resultant electric field, the polarization, it may be assumed that a flux of photons as electric dipoles in free space will yield the observed electric E field of a light wave. It is shown that such a flux of electric dipoles generates the observed magnetic B field for a transverse light wave. No magnetic field accompanies a longitudinal light wave, the electric dipoles being aligned in the direction of propagation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	Since charge appears to be quantized as the electron charge e, the electric dipole photon might be an electron-positron pair separated by the distance L to yield an electric dipole moment b = eL. The half spins of the electron and the positron ℏ/2 might then add to yield the unit spin ℏ of the photon. Since the magnetic moment of the positron relative to its spin is opposite to the relative orientation of the magnetic moment and the spin of the electron, the net magnetic moment of such an electron-positron pair would yield the zero magnetic moment of the photon. If the electrostatic force of attraction e² /L² were balanced against the force of repulsion between the two antiparallel magnetic moments, 6μ_m²/L⁴, where μ_m = ℏe/2cm_e, would yield a separation distance L = 4.73 × 10^–11 cm. This separation distance might seem reasonable as compared with the Compton wavelength of a single free electron of 2.43 × 10^–10 cm. Unfortunately, the energy of the electron-positron pair would have to equal the photon energy; thus ℏω=2c²m_e−(e²/L)+(2μ²_m/L³)>2c²m_e, (17) which would mean that such an electron-positron pair could not be stable, the photon energy !ω being drastically less than 2c²m_e . The partial success of this speculation indicates that perhaps an adjustable double plus-minus spinning ring model for the electron ⁽¹⁸⁾ might work. No further speculation is warranted here.	Key words: Light, electric dipole photon flux, photon flux, spatially periodic arrays, electron-positron pair	16	4	499-503	Physics Essays Publication	External Link	PDF
More debate on information and the PIE proposal	1966	October	Physics Today	Both Moravcsik and Pasternack seem to lose sight of the fundamental purpose of the exchange of physics information. Ideally a physicist would like to be able to communicate as rapidly as possible with colleagues throughout the world who have interests similar to his own. He would like to receive all recent literature that may be relevant to his own interests without any particular effort on his own part. He would not wish to be burdened with extraneous or worthless material.	The evaluation of manuscripts is time consuming and, if mandatory, it would seriously impede the proper flow of information. Each recipient physicist should be the best judge of what type of manuscripts he wishes to read; if he wishes nonrefereed manuscripts to save time, they should be made available to him without delay. I recommend an expanded and upgraded PIE.	Key words: Physicist's worth by counting publications refereed and non-refereed			11-12			PDF
Ritz is Wrong	2003	December	Physics Essays	Ritz postulated that all action and light proceed with velocity c with respect to the moving source. A review of the evidence against this Ritz theory is presented here. The variability of distant stellar sources, such as Cepheid variables and pulsars, could not be observed if Ritz were right [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	The failure of the Ritz theory becomes even more drastic when visual pulsars are considered with period on the order of 2 s, which, according to the Ritz theory, (12), should only be observable at distances less than 0.0014 pc. Of the approximately 500 pulsars now seen, the closest is at a distance of about 100 pc, which means that, according to Ritz, no pulsar at all should be observed with a period of 2 s or less. The pulsar in the Crab Nebula, which has a period of 33 ms, is at a distance of 1.3 kpc. Consequently, the Ritz theory, (12), fails by the huge factor of 5.6 × 10⁹ to permit this observed pulsar to be, in fact, observed. In addition, there are pulsating sources with radiating atoms with thermal velocities orders of magnitude greater than the modest 2 km/s considered above, such as in X-ray pulsars. The Ritz theory fails utterly to explain the observations of such exotic pulsating sources.	Key words: Light, velocity c relative to source, Ritz, ballistic theory	16	3	385-389	Physics Essays Publication	External Link	PDF
On Peoglos' measurement of the force on a current loop due to the remainder of the loop	1989	March	Journal of Physics: Applied Physics	Peoglos reports forces on portions of a current loop due to the remainder of the loop which are in excellent agreement with the direct integration of Ampère's original force law. Peoglos has not, however, confirmed the nonphysical absurd Biot-Savart law: it predicts ambiguous, and thus non-testable, results for the force on Ampère's bridge. It predicts merely fortuitously the correct Ampère force on a straight portion, since only lateral forces are measured. The force is not generally given by 2F_x = I² dL/dx and could not, in any case, distinguish between the Ampère and Biot-Savart laws [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	The fact that the Biot-Savart law when integrated directly gives the correct force on the straight portion (the L frame) is merely fortuitous. In general, the Biot-Savart law will not work when integrated directly over a portion of a current loop. For example, the force on an arc of a circular current loop will not be correctly predicted. Only when the portion under consideration is constrained so that the Ampere repulsion between collinear current elements cannot be registered can the Biot-Savart law work, the Biot-Savart law lacking the necessary longitudinal repulsive force. The large Ampere repulsion between collinear current elements yields the second term in equation (1), varying as ln(b/r), for the force on Ampère's bridge.	Key Words: Ampère's bridge, circular current loop, Ampère repulsion, longitudinal repulsive force, collinear current elements	22	6	849-850	IOP Publishing Ltd	External Link	PDF
Observation of scalar longitudinal electrodynamic waves	2002	August	Europhysics Letters	Theoretically scalar potential Φ waves with a longitudinal electric field E⃗ in the direction of propagation must exist. A centrally fed ball antenna, 6 cm diameter, producing a pulsating 433.59 MHz spherical source charge, generated such a wave, that was detected by an identical ball antenna. The longitudinality of E⃗ was demonstrated by intervening a cubic array of 9 half-wavelength wires, that absorbed the wave when the wires were parallel (but not when perpendicular) to the direction of propagation. The signal from the ball antenna source, placed 4.0 m above ground and receiver 4.4 m above ground, was measured as a function of distance, yielding satisfactory agreement with theory, including 2 expected interference minima produced by an image source induced in the Earth. Only waves can yield such an interference and can be reflected from the Earth’s surface and vary as the inverse square of distance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	Longitudinal electrodynamic waves can account for the huge signal observed from nuclear bomb explosions. – One of us (Wesley) [5,6], was unable to explain the huge electrodynamic signal produced by a nuclear-bomb explosion, when it was assumed that only transverse electrodynamic waves are possible. It is now clear from the present demonstration of the actual existence of longitudinal waves, that the huge electrodynamic signal produced by a nuclear-bomb explosion is a longitudinal signal or wave. The electrons ejected radially outward produce a radial transient oscillating charge separation that readily generates a huge longitudinal electrodynamic signal. It may, thus, also be assumed that stellar novas and super novas will also be sources of extremely energetic transient longitudinal waves, that should be readily detectable on the Earth with the appropriate antenna to receive longitudinal waves.	Key words: Applied classical electromagnetism, Electromagnetic wave propagation, radiowave propagation, longitudinal waves, electrodynamic waves, electrodynamic signal, electrons ejected radially, radial transient oscillating charge, longitudinal electrodynamic, transient longitudinal waves,	59	4	514-520	doi:10.1209/epl/i2002–00136–9	External Link	PDF
Proposal to measure terrestrial Bradley aberration	1991	November	Foundations of Physics Letters	Because parallax exactly masks Bradley aberration when ordinary terrestrial sources are used; it is proposed to measure the angle of parallax, and thus, the angle of aberration, by observing telescopically the appearance of a three dimensional object used as a source. For a setup rigidly fixed to the Earth's surface at a northern latitude the variation of the appearance of the object as a function of the time of day can then yield the magnitude and direction of the absolute velocity of the Earth [FROM AUTHOR].	Proposal to measure terrestrial Bradley aberration – placeholder.	Key words: Bradley aberration terrestrial, absolute velocity measurement	5	1	77-82	doi:10.1007/BF00689799 ISSN: 0894–9875	External Link	PDF
Terrestrial Bradley aberration cannot be observed	1990	March	Foundations of Physics Letters	Because terrestrial sources radiate in all directions, collimation cannot produce a beam fixed in direction relative to absolute space. Therefore, terrestrial aberration, even though present, cannot be observed; and terrestrial aberration cannot be used to measure the absolute velocity of the closed laboratory (contradicting a prior claim in this journal). In other words, the large parallax of terrestrial sources frustrates the observation of aberration [FROM AUTHOR].	Terrestrial Bradley aberration cannot be observed – placeholder.	Key words: measuring absolute velocity, Bradley aberration.	3	4	395-397	doi:10.1007/BF00769712 ISSN: 0894–9875	External Link	PDF
Inertial mass of a charge in a uniform electrostatic potential field	2001	January	Annales Fondation Louis de Broglie	To agree with mass energy equivalence and with induction experiments and to generalize Weber electrodynamics to fields the Weber relative acceleration (R·A)R/R² is replaced by the acceleration a of charge q (or by –a' of q') alone. The force F on a charge q with acceleration a in a uniform electrostatic potential field F is then given by F = (qF/c²)a = -m'a where m' is the mass equivalent of the electrostatic energy of the charge [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	The original Weber theory, for acceleration force, is an action-at-a-distance theory, where action acts presumably directly instantaneously across any distance. However, if action proceeds with a finite velocity c, then the Weber theory must be altered to include fields, that transmit the action. Since inertial force –ma on a body is experienced instantaneously upon the application of a force on a body the inertial force cannot, thus, be due to an instantaneous action of the distant masses in the universe. Instead the inertial force must arise from the interaction of the accelerating body with the local gravitational field, that is produced by the distant masses in the universe over eons of time. This local gravitational field is a scalar, a constant; so the relative acceleration of the original Weber theory, that is a function of the direction R/R, must be replaced by a. Similarly, the effect of accelerating sources, as occur in induction, cannot be given, in general, by the original Weber theory. Instead the relative acceleration must be replaced by the individual acceleration –a'. It is interesting to note, as pointed out by Costa de Beauregard, that the value of the local gravitational potential field Y produced by the distant masses of the universe is given simply from inertial mass energy equivalence and Mach's principle as Y = c². Since an inertial mass can be defined in terms of potential energy; potentials are physically real. They are not merely mathematical generating functions for the forces. Potential fields, such as F, are defined in terms of the sources; so they are causes. Forces, being defined in terms of potentials, are merely effects produced by the potentials.	Key words: gravitational field, interaction of the accelerating body, local gravitational field, Weber's relative acceleration, individual acceleration, Mach's principle, potential fields as sources and causes, inertial mass energy equivalence, uniform field, electrostatic potential, classical electrodynamics	26	4	693-697	ISSN: 0182-4295 CODE: AFLBDU	External Link	PDF
Proposed motors driven solely by Ampère repulsion	2003	July	Europhysics Letters	Two motors, diagrammed in the text, are proposed that are driven solely by Ampère repulsion between colinear current elements. Motor one involves sliding contacts with all current leads doubled with current in opposite directions, thereby precluding the presence of any magnetic B field and forces transverse to the current flow. Motor two involves mercury contacts that minimize friction and optimize current flow. Forces transverse to the current flow do no work; so only Ampère repulsion exists to drive motor two. These motors can demonstrate unambiguously the existence and magnitude of the Ampère repulsion, which then also demonstrates the failure of the Biot-Savart and Lorentz force laws, “Lorentz covariance”, and special relativity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	The proposed motors should be able to yield striking evidence for the existence of the Ampère repulsion between colinear current elements. They can provide further evidence for the failure of the Biot-Savart law, which predicts zero power delivered by the motors. The motors can provide evidence for the failure of the Lorentz force, that is based upon the Biot-Savart law. In turn, the failure of the Lorentz force indicates the failure of “Lorentz covariance” and “special relativity” that requires “Lorentz covariance”. It should be recognized that large currents of the order of thousands of amperes are required to overcome any friction that may be involved. This means that the proposed devices will have to be large with massive leads. Down-scaling does not seem to be possible.	Key words: Biot-Savart law, Ampère repulsion, colinear current elements, failure of Lorentz force, Lorentz covariance, special relativity	63	2	214-219	doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00511-0	External Link	PDF
Comment on “Observation of scalar longitudinal electrodynamic waves” by C. Monstein and J. P. Wesley	2004	April	Europhysics Letters	J. R. Bray and M. C. Britton evaluated and commented on conclusions and research presented by J.P Wesley on "Observation of scalar longitudinal electrodynamic waves" and illustrate a few points that appear to violate fundamental principles. The first problem has to do with the following statements concerning the charge density and the current density inside a conductive ball antenna: “The result is an oscillating uniform spherical charge density” and “The spherical symmetric current density J⃗ within the ball, that gives rise to the pulsating surface charge source, is divergenceless, ∇ · J⃗ = 0.”	The authors have failed to prove that a spherical ball antenna cannot generate a classical TEM wave (a commercial electromagnetic simulator could have been used here). Further, the distance measurement involving the two ball antennas appears to have been taken in an uncontrolled environment (i.e., “the northern end of a small street on the bank of the river” [1]) instead of being taken in a proper, shielded anechoic chamber or in a controlled outdoor antenna range. As such, their measured power pattern could very well be due to a TEM wave that has been scattered from the ground, buildings, or other various objects. Given these inconsistencies, the theoretical justification for scalar waves proposed by the authors appears to be flawed, and the experimental validation has been conducted in an uncontrolled environment. We look forward to receiving clarification from the authors regarding these points.	Key words: Longitudinal waves, electrodynamic waves, electrodynamic signal, electrons ejected radially, radial transient oscillating charge, longitudinal electrodynamic, transient longitudinal waves, uniform spherical charge, spherical symmetric current density, fundamental continuity of charge, classical TEM wave	66	1	153-154	doi:10.1209/epl/i2003–10144-9	External Link	PDF
Diffusion of seismic energy in the near range	1965	October	Journal of Geophysical Research	It is assumed that the flow of seismic energy from an underground nuclear explosion or earthquake in the near range (i.e., distances of less than 1000 km) may be estimated by the diffusion equation in cylindrical geometry with a diffusivity varying directly as frequency. A term is included to allow for the dissipation of energy due to the anelasticity of the earth. The mean period and amplitude of a seismogram are thereby derived as functions of the time of arrival and range. The peak particle velocity is derived as a function of range. A preliminary comparison with observations of the seismic waves produced by an underground nuclear explosion indicates satisfactory over-all agreement.	The theoretical assumption that the flow of seismic energy may be predicted by the diffusion equation with a diffusivity proportional to the frequency yields satisfactory over-all agreement with observation as indicated by Figures 1 through 4. The linear relationship (10) between the period and the time of arrival as predicted by theory agrees with observation as shown in Figure 2. The decrease in the slope (11) of these straight lines with range is also in accord with observation (see Table l). The variation of the particle velocity amplitude (20) with the time of arrival agrees adequately with observations as shown in Figure 3. The best fit is for later times when the number of ray paths becomes large and the diffusion picture becomes more accurate. Since Rm = 6.4 km may be viewed as a scattering length, it would appear that the diffusion approximation may fail for ranges of this order of magnitude. Better agreement between theory and observation would probably be obtained if the rms value of the magnitude of the vector velocity were used for the amplitude instead of the peak velocity spread in each time interval for just the radial component. The variation of the peak particle velocity with range as predicted by theory (27) appears to fit the data (see Figure 4) fairly well considering the scatter of the observed data points.	Key words: nuclear explosion, diffusion equation, diffusivity versus frequency, anelasticity of earth, peak particle velocity versus range	70	20	5099-5106	doi:10.1029/JZ070i020p05099	External Link	PDF
Weber electrodynamics, part I. general theory, steady current effects	1990	October	Foundations of Physics Letters	The original Weber action at a distance theory, valid for slowly varying effects, is extended to time-retarded fields, valid for rapidly varying effects including radiation. A new law for the force on a charge moving in this field is derived (replacing the Lorentz force which violates Newton's third law). The limitations of the Maxwell theory are discussed. The Weber theory, in addition to predicting all of the usual electrodynamic results, predicts the following crucial results for slowly varying effects (where Maxwell theory fails): 1) the force on Ampere's bridge in agreement with the measurements of Moyssides and Pappas, 2) the tension required to rupture current carrying wires as observed by Graneau, 3) the force to drive the Graneau-Hering submarine, 4) the force to drive the mercury in Hering's pump, and 5) the force to drive the oscillations in a current carrying mercury wedge as observed by Phipps.	The observed results of Graneau l24] and Hering {25] for the force on the Graneau-Uering submarine and the force to drive the Hering pump have only been qualitative. An appropraite quantitative prediction of this force (suggested by Wesley [38]) using Ampere's law, as given by Eq.(27) or by Eqs. (37) and (38), should be possible by measuring the pressure difference between the ends of a wedged shape container of current carrying mercury as indicated in Fig. 5. The difference in tension per unit area, the pressure, can be determined by the difference in the height 6h to which the mercury rises in the two columns indicated in Fig. s. Since the static pressure in the mercury must be the same throughout; the mercury will rise on the end of width w 2, where the internal !lmpere pressure is less to match the higher Ampere pressure at the other end of width w1; thus, Fig. S. Phipps' experiment to measure Ampere tension by measuring the pressure difference between the ends of a wedged shaped container of current carrying mercury. pH9g6h"' (P/c2wp(c• + Z.n(L/w1)) -(P (c• + Z.n(L/w2 J), (40) PHg is the density of mercury, g is the acceleration of gravity, and C" is a constant that can be obtained fran Eq. ( 27). Phipps (26] has performed this experiment using a slowly alternating current to set the mercury columns into oscillation. He observes mechanical oscillations of twice the electrical excitation, as would be expected fran the .Ampere driving tension varying as the current squared I z. A rocking mode, one column up when the other is down, is observed, as would also be expected from the Ampere on-off tension. A satisfactory approximate quantitative confirma-tion of Eq. (40) is obtained under the assumptions that: 1) About one-third of the mercury mass present participates in mechanical oscillations. 2) For the micron-sized oscilla-tions observed the restoring force of gravity is augmented (two or three-fold) by surface stretching forces associated with the surface tension of mercury. And 3) the "Q" of the rechanical resonance is lowered by sane unidentified form of energy dissipation much greater than that attributable to rercury viscous friction against the vessel walls.	Key words: electrodynamics, Weber theory extended, Maxwell limitations, current steady effects	3	5	443-469	doi:10.1007/BF00665929 ISSN: 0894-9875; 1572-9524	External Link	PDF
Weber electrodynamics: part III. mechanics, gravitation	1990	December	Foundations of Physics Letters	Weber electrodynamics predicts the Kaufmann-Bucherer experiments and the fine structure energy level splitting of the H-atom (neglecting spin) without mass change with velocity (i.e., mass≠ m₀/√(1 − v²/c²)). The Weber potential for the gravitational case yields Newtonian mechanics, confirming Mach's principle. It provides a cosmological condition yielding an estimated radius of the universe of 8 × 10⁹ light years. Despite these successes, the independent evidence for Kaufmann mechanics, where mass changes with velocity (i.e., mass = m ₀ /√(1 − v²/c²)) is convincing. Perhaps a slight alteration may make the Weber theory compatible with Kaufmann mechanics.	For electrodynamics 1t is a matter ot ind1fference what f1mct1on f in tq. (71) is used, as long as 1t satisf1es Eq ·l1'l.); but for the gravitational case the acceleration term is no longer small. From the cosmological condition l32) the acceleration term must be regarded as of order wuty. in the gravitational case the coefficient a2 in Eq. (72) must then also be considered. In particular, the function f should be chosen to satisfy Eq. (72) and to also yield Kaufmann mechanics. An appropriate modified Weber potential satisfying these requirements is given by U =-(Gmm'/3R){4-(1-(dR/dt)2/c2J-3!2} . (73) This potential, satisfying Eq. (72), yields all of the usual predictions of electrodynamics. For the problem of a mass m moving in a universe of static masses, as considered in Section 4 above, the acceleration force term F3 becomes Fa • -(Gmpofc2)Jd3RR(R•a),AP(1-=-(<P0/c2)md(yv)/dt • -md(yv)/dt, to order av4Jc4 for <P0/c2 • 1. A1 though this potential, Eq. (73), makes the Weber theory canpatible with Kaufmann mechanics for the gravi ta-tional case; and although it yields all of the ordinary results for the electrodynamic case; it does not make it COJil'atible with mass change with velocity for the Kau:fmann-Bucherer experiments.	Key words: electrodynamics, Weber theory, Kaufmann experiment, Mach's principle confirmed, radius of universe, Kaufmann mechanics	3	6	581-605	doi:10.1007/BF00666027 ISSN: 0894-9875; 1572-9524	External Link	PDF
Weber electrodynamics, part II unipolar induction, Z antenna	1990	October	Foundations of Physics Letters	Weber electrodynamics predicts the localized unipolar induction observed by Müller and Kennard; whereas the Maxwell theory, based upon closed current loops and the flux rule, fails. The Weber theory for high frequency fields predicts a zero self torque on the Pappas-Vaughan Z-antenna, as observed. In contrast, the Maxwell theory predicts a sizeable self torque which is not observed.	Discussion concerning the self torque on the Pappas-Vaughan Z-antenna Pappas and Vaughan found from the power fed to their antenna of at least 35 watts and its impedance of 70 ohms that the peak current I was at least 1 ampere. Substituting this value of I and the wavelength ,\ = 2 m into Eq.(33), using Eq.(34), yields the estimated self torque on the Pappas-Vaughan Z-antenna as predicted by the Maxwell-Lorentz theory of at least T "' -0. 805 PA/c2 , .. -w-2 Nt m. (35) This is 5 orders of magnitude greater than the minimum torque of 10 -7 Nt m that could have been observed. They observed no torque. As an experimental t.het.k thE'y had no diffiwlty in obtaining a strong deflection when a half-wavelength straight wire was brought into the neighborhood of one end of their antenna. Tile dipole induced in the wire by their antenna would be expected to produce an effect of the same order of magnitude, but smaller, than that predicted by the Maxwell-Lorentz theory. It is t.oncluded that nonzero self torque predicted by the Maxwell-Lorentz theory does not agree at all with the experimental result of Pappas and Vaughan; while the zero torque predk ted by the Weber field theory and Newton's third law does agree with their result to within the limits of the sensitivity of their setup.	Key words: electrodynamics; Weber versus Maxwell, unipolar induction, Z-antenna self torque	3	5	471-490	doi: 10.1007/BF00665930 ISSN: 0894-9875 1572-9524	External Link	PDF
THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FROM A HIGH-ALTITUDE SHOT	1961	April	California University, Livermore. Lawrence Radiation Lab	The present investigation concerns the theoretical derivation of the altitude effect electromagnetic field produced by a nuclear bomb explosion. The electric polarization wave, which is produced by gamma rays from the bomb knocking Compton electrons radially outward from the bomb, progresses through the air where the density varies with altitude. The variation of the air density with altitude causes the electric polarization wave to be nonspherically symmetrical and to be the source of a large electromagnetic field - the altitude effect. There is a brief discussion of the physical mechanisms. that establish the polarization wave. And there is an approximate derivation of the two physical parameters of interest: the electric polarization source strength, A, and the reciprocal effective mean free path of gamma rays in air, b. The theoretically derived electric polarization wave source is substituted into Maxwell's, equations. By introducing a scalar, y , Maxwell's equations reduce to a single inhomogeneous scalar wave equation. Applying Green's theorem, the scalar y and consequently the electric and magnetic field components are expressed in the form of triple integrals over a spheroidal volume which grows in time. These integrals are presented in forms suitable for numerical integration; however, no numerical results are presented. After the passage of the polarization wave the static charge distribution produces a static electric field. This static electric field is expressed in the form of double integrals which involve the complete elliptic integrals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FROM A HIGH-ALTITUDE SHOT – placeholder.	Key words: nuclear bomb explosion, electric polarization wave, polarization source strength, free path of gamma rays, inhomogeneous scalar wave equation			1-39	doi:10.2172/4212214 Report Number(s): UCRL-5157/ DOE Contract Number: W-7405-ENG-48	External Link	PDF
BACKGROUND RADIATION AS THE CAUSE OF FATAL CONGENITAL MALFORMATION	1960	July	International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine	The fraction of malformed births (deaths due to congenital malformation divided by births) is shown to vary over the earth with background radiation. Cosmic-ray energy flux is taken as the measure of background. The relation between the world-wide incidence of congenital malformation and geomagnetic latitude yields a X/sup 2/ = 21 (P < 0.0001) and is in agreement with the approximate theoretical relation. Lines of equal incidence of congenital malformation show characteristics which match variations in the earth's magnetic field or background radiation. Since the variation from U.S malformed births per 1000 in South-east Asia to 7.9 in Northern Ireland can be attributed to background, at least 96 per cent of all deaths due to congenital malformation can be attributed to background. The distribution of congenital malformation within the United States provides corroborative evidence. X rays have caused a 6 per cent increase in congenital malformation in the United States in the last 30 years [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	In the light of experimental results obtained by irradiating animals and of the work of Gentry et al. in New York State, U.S.A., in correlating the variation of the incidence of congenital malformation in humans with a corresponding variation in background radioactivity (Gentry, J. T., Parkhurst, E., and Bulin, G. V., 1959, Amer. J. Publ. Hlth, 49, 4), it must be accepted that background radiation is responsible for at least some human congenital malformation. It would be very interesting if another mechanism, known to occur in nature, could be discovered to account for the remaining congenital malformations. It would also be of some interest if this mechanism could account for the correlation of fatal congenital malformation with geomagnetic latitude, a correlation which, apparently, is not disputed. My theory does not claim that the background radiation at the geomagnetic equator should be zero. If it is ascertained by observation that the latitude variation of the total background radiation is not sufficient to account for the variation in the incidence of congenital malformation, and if the medical data are correct, then because of the demonstrated effects of radiation I would be inclined to consider the individual latitude variations of trace radioactive elements which might have specific biological effects causing congenital malformation.	Key words: lethal doses, cosmic radiation, radiation effects, cosmic-ray energy flux, congenital malformation, birth defects	2	3	333-334	doi:10.1080/09553006014550101 ISSN: 0020-7616 OSTI Identifier: 4157976	External Link	PDF
THE RESEARCH FRONTIER: Quasars as Protogalaxies	1969	January	American Association of Physics Teachers	If a galaxy of stars is born when two massive neutron stars collide, then a galaxy in its earliest stages should look like a quasar. A galaxy is a collection of billions of stars arrayed along two spiral arms to look like the 4^th-of-July pinwheel. Our star, the sun, is located far out on one of the spiral arms of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. A galaxy is so large that it takes thousands of years for light traveling 186000 miles per second to cross the galaxy. The universe contains billions of such galaxies.	If galaxies are formed by collisions between massive neutron stars, then there must be enough neutron stars to maintain a constant number of galaxies, the rate at which galaxies are born equaling the rate at which they die. The number of neutron stars necessary to produce galaxies agrees with the number necessary to account for the observed fraction of mature galaxies which show evidence of having collides with a neutron star.	Key words: colliding neutron stars, birth of galaxies, constant number of galaxies, black hole as remnant of neutron star collision	7	6	348-349	doi:10.1119/1.2351401	External Link	PDF
Causal quantum mechanics with phase and particle velocities equal	1965	June	Il Nuovo Cimento (1955-1965)	A relativistic theory of causal quantum mechanics for a scalar particle is proposed in which the phase velocity is equal to the particle velocity. A particle is viewed as a classical point particle that moves along a wave normal attached to a surface of constant phase. A prescription is derived for the particle trajectories in a standing wave which gives rise to periodic motion in the bound-particle case. The old quantum theory of Bohr and Sommerfeld is obtained in the geometrical optics approximation. The observed particle density is the wave intensity (in agreement with ψψ* of the traditional theory). The problems of a free particle, a particle reflected from a mirror, and the simple harmonic oscillator are considered.	Causal quantum mechanics with phase and particle velocities equal – placeholder.	Key words: phase velocity, scalar particle, causal quantum, quantum mechanics, surface of constant phase, old quantum theory, bound-particle case	37	3	989-1003	doi:10.1007/BF02773188	External Link	PDF
Einstein Dynamics Without Special-Relativistic Kinematics	1979	July	Foundations of Physics	The Michelson-Morley result is described empirically by generalized Doppler equations. If the phase of a light wave is not invariant, in agreement with the quantum nature of light, special-relativistic kinematics need not be assumed. Einstein particle dynamics and Maxwell-Lorentz electrodynamics in a moving system are derived without assuming special-relativistic kinematics. An alternative explanation for the decay rate of moving radioactive particles is presented. The observation of a third-order Doppler effect may yield the velocity of the closed laboratory [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	The velocity of the closed laboratory V may be detected by going to an appropriate third-order Doppler effect. If a Mössbauer source is placed at the center of a rotating rod and an absorber at the end, Eqs. (21) and (22) yield to third order w'/w₀= 1 + u_0x²/2c² - u_0xV²cos²f sin(2Wt)/2c³ (23) where W is the angular velocity of the rod, f is the angle between the plane of rotation of the rod and V, and u_0x is the tangential velocity of rotation of the absorber. The term involving V may be singled out by amplifying the audio frequency 2W. Mechanical vibrations of this frequency may also arise; but the desired effect varies through a maximum twice daily, since f = f(t), and ordinary vibrations should not be subject to such a regular daily variation. If V is about 300 km/sec, the amplitude of the effect might be made to be of the order of u_0xV²/2c³ » 10^-13, which should be detectable. A cesium beam clock, where the light is viewed normal to the motion of the atoms, is in principle subject to a daily fractional time variation given by the last term in Eq. (22), or by Dw/w₀ = V_xV_yu_sx/c³ (24) If the velocity u_sx of the atoms is about 300 m/sec then the magnitude of the effect, Eq. (24), is again about 10^-13 for a laboratory velocity of about 300 km/sec. If a cesium beam clock can be made to run with a fractional error of this order of magnitude, the effect might be just observable. Un- fortunately, a rigidly mounted clock would be subject to extraneous daily effects which would probably mask the effect sought.	Key words: third order Doppler effect, Mössbauer source, laboratory velocity, relativistic kinematics, Einstein dynamics, general Doppler effect, Lorentz symmetry, quantum nature of light, moving radioactive particle	10	5-6	503-511	doi:10.1007/BF00708747	External Link	PDF
Light a Photon Flux and other topics	2006	January	Benjamin Wesley Blumberg, Germany	The wave-particle problem is resolved by the mathematical isomorphism between hydrodynamics and wave theory. Quantum particles, such as photons for light, yield waves when periodically arrayed with the de Broglie wavelength and translated. Wave equations, such as the Schrödinger equation, are satisfied. Quantum particles, moving along discrete trajectories as functions of time and initial conditions yield double pinhole interference and all other such typical wave behavior. Quantization arises when particles are forced into standing waves. The electrodynamic properties of light are due to electric dipole photons. Photons propagating with fixed time delays account for the behavior of light in absolute moving media. Absolute space is seen to exist from the fixed stars and from the fact that the velocity of light c with respect to absolute space such that the observed velocity c* = c - v (the absolute velocity of the Earth) as shown by Roemer, Bradley, Sagnac, Conklin, Marinov, and others. The gravitational potential due to the fixed stars Φ₀ = c², is the same everywhere in absolute fixed space. Mass-energy, being gravitational energy mΦ₀ = mc², means the absolute kinetic energy is zero only when stationary in absolute space. The Michelson-Morley result is a classical Doppler effect in absolute space-time. Gravitation with a finite velocity of action c yields gravity waves and resolves Seeliger's paradox. A cosmological constant β₀ in a uniform universe accounts for the cosmological red shift with a Hubble constant H = β₀/c, thereby resolving Olber's paradox. The 2.7°K cosmic background radiation is cosmologically red shifted starlight. Cosmology is based upon an infinite, perpetual, steady-state universe, uniform in the large. A flux of high entropy waste radiated off into deep space forces local entropy reducing processes, such as the condensation of low entropy stars from high entropy gas and dust, or the generation of low entropy life from a high entropy environment. Such ordering occurs only as a local fluctuation of the order of 10⁹ years in time and light years in space. An ordered death as super-massive bodies is avoided when two collide allowing mass to escape from their gravitational traps to again create disorder in gas and dust. [Introduction FROM AUTHOR].	Light a Photon Flux and other topics – placeholder.	Key words: neomechanics, absolute space, Michelson-Morley null result, particle flux theory, crystalline arrays of photons, light propagation in media, electric dipole photons, quantum potentials, space curvature				ISBN 3–9800942–10–2		BOOK
RESPONSE OF DYKE TO OSCILLATING DIPOLE	1958	Jan	Geophysics	A dyke of sulfide ore may be geophysically prospected by: observing its electromagnetic response to a slowly oscillating magnetic dipole source. An excellent first approximation of the fields generated is obtained by considering the idealized case of a dyke of infinite conductivity and vanishing thickness in a vacuum. Surprisingly, this idealized problem can be solved exactly in terms of a newly discovered Green’s function for Laplace's equation (in three dimensions) which is simply expressed in closed form. The magnetic scalar potential and the magnetic field are given for final results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]	The idealized problem of the electromagnetic response of a dyke of infinite conductivity and vanishing thickness to a slowly oscillating magnetic dipole can, surprisingly, be solved exactly in a simple closed form, equations (29) through (32). This result represents quite adequately the response of a dyke of large conductivity and small geometrical 'width. If the actual conductivity and width need to be known for purposes of identification of the ore and to estimate the size of the deposit, then it is necessary to refine the solution by approximate methods to be presented in a subsequent paper.	Key words: dyke, oscillating dipole, sulfide ore, sulphide ore	13	1	128-133	ISSN: 0016-8033 1942-2156	External Link	PDF
selected topics in Advanced Fundamental Physics	2006	January	Benjamin Wesley Blumberg, Germany	This book is suitable for an advanced course in fundamental physics. The latest evidence and theories in certain crucial areas are presented and analyzed free from the restraints of old ineffective traditional ideas. The empirical facts agree with the absolute space-time of Newton. Galilean kinematics is fundamental. When all experiments are considered the oneway energy velocity of light is found to be c fixed with respect to absolute space. As predicted by Voigt in 1887, the Michelson–Morley result is a Doppler effect in absolute space-time. Kaufmann mechanics, where the particle momentum is p = mv/√(1-v²/c²) and v is the absolute velocity, while probably correct, needs further confirmation. Mass energy equivalence, E = mc², is an important fundamental fact. Newtonian gravitation extended to include the mass equivalent of the field energy itself as part of the source mass yields Hubble's constant and permits super massive bodies (black holes). Quasars and galaxies can arise as collisions between super massive bodies. the Weber potential from electrodynamics when applied to gravitation yields Mach's principle. Recent decisive experiments show that Weber electrodynamics, extended to fields and radiation (10 citations), is correct and that Maxwell theory is wrong. The original Ampere force law is correct; and the Biot–Savart law, which violates Newton' s third law, is wrong. The spinning charged ring model of the electron, held together by electromagnetic forces only, yields all of the electron's properties including the anomalous magnetic moment. Quantum theory is based upon classical wave theory where the phase is p • (r –vt)/h Poynting's vector prescribes discrete particle trajectories that yield interference patterns, including the double pinhole pattern. Initial conditions prescribe exact subsequent motion as in classical physics. Four bound particles the Schrödinger equation yields the usual eigenvalues. Irreversible thermodynamic ordering processes in an open system are driven by entropy production. A statistical thermodynamic system with a temperature greater than 2.7°K open to deep space proceeds towards states of lower entropy. This powerful law of nature indicates the direction of cosmological processes and the evolution of life. The 2.7°K cosmic background is the red shifted light from the most distant galaxies [Synopsys FROM AUTHOR].	selected topics in Advanced Fundamental Physics – placeholder.	Key words: fundamental physics, Newtonian gravitation, Weber electrodynamics, Ampere force law, red shifted light				ISBN 9783980094245		BOOK
selected topics Scientific Physics	2006	January	Benjamin Wesley Blumberg, Germany	Scientific Physics is physics based upon ordinary empirical scientific principles. Traditional orthodox physics has become mired down in mystical ideas, antiscientific principles, and denials of obvious experimental facts. The evidence reviewed in this book proves space-time is absolute – no "special relativity" nonsense. A cosmology is presented for an eternal, infinite, uniform in-the-large, steady–state, non-expanding universe that fits all of the facts – no impossible "big bang", no "curved space", no expanding universe", no "bounded universe", etc. The far reaching consequences of mass-energy equivalence (known in the 1800s) are explored, yielding neomechanics in absolute space-time, a new gravitational theory, etc. An electrodynamic field theory is presented that agrees with Ampere' s original force law, with Weber electrodynamics for slowly varying effects, and predicts longitudinal E waves (recently observed), yields the force that drives the Marinov motor and that explains the Aharonov–Bohm effect – no error ridden Maxwell theory, no Faraday law of electromagnetic induction, no absurd Biot–Savart law, etc. The conditions for creating thermodynamic order are presented, which indicate why low entropy life exists, why stars are born from high entropy gas and dust, why territorial behavior of all organisms and man, etc. It is shown how quantum particles move along discrete trajectories as explicitly functions of time to yield all observed wave behavior. The empirically correct Wesley wave, ψ = sin[p • (r − vt) / Κ ], for free particles is generalized to yield wave equations for bound particles – no "wave-particle duality", no single particle interference with itself, no single particle going through both slits to product interference, no "uncertainty principle", no intrinsic "probability amplitudes", no superposition of physical states, no ' complementarity' , no astrological ' nonlocality' , no thoughts affecting experimental results, no ' indistinguishable' particles, no ' expectation values' as observables, no ' operator approach", no etc. [Synopsis FROM AUTHOR].	selected topics Scientific Physics – placeholder.	Key words: big bang, big-bang, antiscientific principles, expanding universe, non-expanding universe, absolute space-time, longitudinal E waves, Marinov motor, wave particle duality				ISBN 3–9800942–9–4		BOOK
Proposal to measure velocity of a closed laboratory.	1981	Jan	Foundations of Physics	Uncoupling the mirrors in Marinov's(1) coupled-mirrors experiment allows them to be separated as far apart as desired, and orders of magnitude improvement in accuracy can be obtained for the determination of the absolute velocity of the closed laboratory [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	Proposal to measure velocity of a closed laboratory – placeholder.	Key words: absolute velocity of laboratory, Marinov's coupled-mirrors	11	11-12	945-946	ISSN: 0015-9018 1572-9516	External Link	PDF
Comments on Prokhovnik's Critique of Marinov's Experiment	1980	Jan	Foundations of Physics	The essential second half of Marinov's experiment, neglected by Prokhovnik, is discussed. Prokhovnik misrepresents the facts in his critique of the Marinov coupled-mirrors experiment. Marinov's experiment was performed and not merely "proposed." Marinov reports, in fact, the value of 300 ± 20 km/sec, declination a = - 23 ± 4°, and right ascension d = 14.3 ± 0.3^h for the absolute velocity of the sun, or solar system [Introduction FROM AUTHOR].	Comments on Prokhovnik's Critique of Marinov's Experiment – placeholder.	Key words: coupled mirror experiment, velocity of the sun	10	9-10	803-805	ISSN: 0015-9018 1572-9516	External Link	PDF
Electromagnetic Radiation from Coaxial Structure	1951	Oct	University of California, Los Angeles	In the process of working toward an approximate solution of the problem of an antenna consisting of a coaxial line with the outside cylinder terminated and the inside cylinder extending a finite distance further, it was found that the exact solution of two other antenna problems could be obtained which would be useful for the approximate solution of the original problem. The two problems which allow an exact solution are an antenna consisting of a coaxial line with the outside cylinder terminated and the inside cylinder extending to infinity and an antenna consisting of a single half infinite cylinder. Inasmuch, as the three problems which resulted appear to be of about equal value, they are each presented on an equivalent and more or less independent basis [INTRODUCTION FROM AUTHOR].	Electromagnetic Radiation from Coaxial Structure – placeholder.	Key words: approximate solution to antenna problem, coaxial line with outside cylinder, thesis			100-122		External Link	PDF
Ampere’s original force law compared with the Moyssides-Pappas results	1987	Jan	Progress in Space Time Physics 1987	The force on Ampere’s bridge with straight ends (a current carrying π-shaped wire frame) due to the remainder of the circuit is derived correctly from Ampere's original differential force law for the first time without any amending factors. The theory is in reasonable agreement with the variation of the force as a function of the diameter of the wire as measured by Moyssides and Pappas¹ (J. Appl. Phys. 59 (1986)). The force on Ampere's bridge with bent ends is also derived. These results differ from measurements by 20~30%. However, if a small systematic experimental error is postulated, there is agreement with the theory [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	It is concluded that the experimental determinations of the force on Ampere's bridge by Moyssides and Pappas¹ confirm Ampère's original force law quantitatively in its differential form. The discrepancies between observations and theory may be regarded as small considering the experimental and theoretical difficulties. The regularity of these discrepancies indicate that they are probably systematic errors in the determination of the force F and or else the current I.	Key words: Ampere force law, force on Ampére Bridge, Differential Force Law			170-180	ISBN: 3-9800942-2-7 9783980094221	External Link	PDF
Why the EPR paradox has been resolved in favor of Einstein	1988	Jan	Microphysical reality and quantum formalism, D. Reidel Pub. Co.	On the practical level the EPR paradox is resolved in favor of Einstein. Quantum systems are usually treated as independent. The usual theory, being valid only for coupled systems, does not say when systems should be treated as independent. On the practical level it is, thus, incomplete or insufficient. If the widely separated correlations reported by Aspect do occur, they may be attributed to extraneous correlations such as in phase or in clumping, which Aspect failed to measure. The Bell theorem sheds no light on the EPR problem; as it is based upon traditional "expectation values" as observables. The traditional theory cannot predict at all the observed interference patterns produced by quantum particles such as phonons and photons. Classical wave theory, predicting interference patterns of quantum particles precisely, supports microphysical reality. Panarella reports that, when light intensity is sufficiently reduced, individual separated photons do not show quantum mechanical or wave behavior. They behave as point billiard balls, thus, resolving the EPR paradox in favor of Einstein. Corroborative evidence is provided by Lewis's near-field scanning optical microscope, which also gets rid of wave effects by also limiting the intensity and by using a hole much smaller than a wavelength [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	Lewis's results accent the fact that microscopic details can actually be observed which far exceed the limit prescribed by classical wave optics. This fact was already known to electric fish, who find their very small prey using essentially infinitely long wavelengths. The fuzzy traditional quantum theory with its artificial macroscopic 'uncertainties," which never fitted the experimental facts anyway, trust now be abandoned in the face of Lewis's precise results. Microphysical reality is now experimentally accessible.	Key words: EPR paradox, Bell theorem, microphysical reality, artificial macroscopic uncertainties, photons as billiard balls	1		435-441	ISBN: 9789027726834	External Link	PDF
A Resolution of the Classical Wave-Particle Problem	1982	Sep	Foundations of Physics	The classical wave-particle problem is resolved in accord with Newton’s concept of the particle nature of light by associating particle density and flux with the classical wave energy density and flux. Point particles flowing along discrete trajectories yield interference and diffraction patterns, as illustrated by Young’s double pinhole interference. Bound particle motion is prescribed by standing waves. Particle motion as a function of time is presented for the case of a “particle in a box.” Initial conditions uniquely determine the subsequent motion. Some discussion regarding quantum theory is presented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	The macroscopic “wave” observations, or classical wave theory, consequently presents valuable information as to some of the necessary requirements of any adequate quantum theory, no matter whether it is applied submicroscopically or macroscopically. For consistency with classical wave theory and the resolution of the classical wave-particle problem presented here, it may be concluded that an adequate quantum theory should have the following properties: 1. The 5” function should be real. 2. The phase velocity should equal the classical particle velocity. 3. The particle density should be proportional to the energy density, the first of Eqs. (3). (The traditional claim that 51’5” represents the particle density is seen to be in error, even for the time-average case.) 4. The particle flux density should be proportional to the energy flux, the second of Eqs. (3). (Again the traditional theory is seen to be in error.) 5. Time variations must be chosen to be compatible with classical transient “wave” phenomena. (The traditional theory which always presupposes a simple time-harmonic time variation is inadequate to handle transient phenomena.)	Key words: wave-particle problem, treatise of reflections, wave behavior, particle nature of light, double pinhole interference	14	2	155-170	ISSN: 00l5-9018/84/0200-0155	External Link	PDF
Michelson‐Morley Result, a Voigt‐Doppler Effect in Absolute Space-Time	1986	Jan	Foundations of Physics	Voigt’s 1887 explanation of the Michelson‐Morley result as a Doppler effect using absolute space-time is examined. It is shown that Doppler effects involve two wave velocities: (1) the phase velocity, which is used to account for the Michelson‐Morley null result, and (2) the velocity of energy propagation, which, being fixed relative to absolute space, may be used to explain the results of Roemer, Bradley, Sagnac, Marinov. and the 2.7°K anisotropy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	The Sagnac positive result using moving equipment may be most easily explained in terms of the velocity of energy propagation of light being c fixed in absolute space (as assumed by Sagnac). The ingenious Marinov coupled-mirrors experiment involves the one-way transit time of light in the laboratory. Making the assumption that the velocity of energy propagation of light is fixed in absolute space, Marinov measured the absolute velocity of the solar system in the closed laboratory. His result agrees with that obtained from the 2.7°K cosmic background anisotropy, but his accuracy is greater. He has recently obtained a similar result with two toothed wheels mounted on the ends of a rotating shaft, which involves no mirrors at all.	Key words: coupled mirror experiment, absolute velocity of the solar system, velocity of energy propagation	16	8	817-824	ISSN: 0015-9018/86/0800-0817	External Link	PDF
A Scalar Gravitation Theory in Absolute Space-Time	1988	Jan	Foundations of Physics	Poisson’s equation for the Newtonian gravitational potential is extended to include the mass equivalent of the field energy itself as part of the source mass. Time retardation is introduced by converting Poisson’s equation to a wave equation with a time-dependent source. Neglecting time retardation, about 40 percent of the unaccounted portion of the precession of the perihelion of Mercury is predicted. The gravitational red shift, the slowing of the speed of light, and the bending of a light my in a gravitational field follow from Newtonian gravitation and the behavior of photons. Gravitational effects are generally smaller than for Newtonian gravitation. There is no limit, such as the Chandrasekhar limit, for the size of gravitating bodies; so super-massive bodies, being admissible, may account for the missing mass in the universe and the origin of quasars and galaxies. The cosmological red shift is obtained as a gravitational effect, the Hubble constant predicted being in reasonable agreement with observational estimates. According to this theory, the cosmological red shift is not a Doppler shift, the universe is not expanding, the big bang never happened, and the universe must be in steady-state equilibrium [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	The present result (66) and (67) for the cosmological red shift has profound implications for cosmology. The cosmological red shift predicted here is based solely upon a gravitational effect. This means that the usual interpretation of the observed cosmological red shift as a Doppler shift due to an expanding universe is untenable. Since the theory says the universe is not expanding, the big ‐ bang theory also becomes untenable. In addition, the theory implies a steady‐state universe that is not changing with time. According to the present theory, the physical mechanism giving rise to the cosmological red shift is gravitation; so the energy lost by photons proceeding toward the earth from large distances must be deposited as gravitational potential energy. Considering the fact that local gravitational red shifts can be accounted for by assuming a local expansion of matter (Sec. 8 above), a similar mechanism may be assumed for the cosmological red shift. Matter distributed heterogeneously as condensed galaxies and stars has lower gravitational energy than matter evenly or homogeneously distributed as gas and dust. Thus, light passing through space tends to drive the matter in the universe toward more uniform or homogeneous distribution, thereby increasing the gravitational potential energy of the universe. The cosmological red shift phenomenon is associated with the absorption of photons and with an “evaporation” of local condensations of matter with a consequent increase in gravitational potential energy. Thus, in a steady-state universe these two processes may be assumed to be balanced against each other.	Key words: scalar gravitation in absolute space-time, cosmological red shift, super massive bodies, quasars, big-bang theory	1	2	85-91	ISSN: 0836-1398	External Link	PDF
Proposal to Measure Absolute Velocity Using Two Independent Clocks	1989	Jan	Physics Essays	A toothed wheel rotated by an electric clock motor chops a laser beam. A see distance L from the first again chops the beam. A second wheel a distance L from the first again chips the beam. The resultant intensity is a linear function of the angle through which the second wheel rotates during the time light travels the distance L, Dt = L/(c - v_L), where v_L is the absolute velocity of the laboratory in the direction L. Two beams are oriented so that the chopping increases the intensity of one and decreases the intensity of the other. Comparing these two intensifies with the intensities of two beams traveling in the opposite direction directly yields the desired absolute velocity 2v_L = c^- - c⁺ electronically. The correct relative angular phase, determined by the intensities, is obtained by rotating one of the wheels together with its motor. The magnitude and direction of the absolute velocity of the solar system is obtained by fixing L in the north-south direction at a northern latitude and measuring v_L over a 12‐h period [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	Fixing the length L to the Earth in the north-south direction at the colatitude q, the observed velocity v_L in terms of the absolute velocity of the Earth v_E is given by v_L = v_E[cos ((j ‐ j₀)sin q sin q₀ + cos q cos q₀], (15) where (j is the angular position of the apparatus in the equatorial plane as a function of the sidereal time of day, j = 2pt/T, (16) where T = 24h, j₀ is the sidereal equatorial position of the absolute velocity of the Earth, and q₀ is the colatitude of the absolute velocity of the Earth. As a function of the time of day, v_L is a maximum when j = j₀, or v_L(max) = v_E cos(q ‐ q₀). (17) When v_L is a minimum j = j₀ + p/2 and Eq. (15) yields v_L(min) = v_E cos q cos q₀. (18) The colatitude q₀ of the absolute velocity of the Earth from Eqs. (16) and (17) is then given by tan q₀ = cot q [v_L(max) - v_L(min)]/v_L(min), (19) and the magnitude of the absolute velocity of the Earth is v_E = {[v_L(max) ‐ v_L(min)]² csc² q + v_L²(min)sec² q}^1/2. (20) Consequently, it is only necessary to take observations of v_L over a 12-h period. Knowing the date when the observations are made, the absolute velocity of the solar system can be readily obtained from the absolute velocity of the Earth.	Key words: absolute velocity with independent clocks, velocity of earth,	2	4	334-338	ISSN: 0836-1398	External Link	PDF
Weber electrodynamics extended to include radiation	1987	Jan	Speculations in Science and Technology	Weber's law for the force between moving charges satisfies Newton’s Third Law , the conservation of energy, and yields Ampere‘s original empirical law for the force between current elements. Weber's law predicts the observed force between two closed current loops. It yields the observed temporal and motional electromagnetic induction, and the observed force on Ampere’s bridge. The electromagnetic field appropriate for the Weber force law is derived. This Weber field is then extended to rapidly varying effects and radiation by introducing time retardation. An additional electromagnetic wave, the Weber wave is obtained. Absolute space is included by introducing time retardation using the phase velocity observed in a moving system as predicted by the Voigt‐Doppler effect [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	The original Weber force law between moving charges, equation (5), is valid only for relative coordinates between two moving charges. When this force is written in terms of electrostatic and magneto static fields, equations (29), (25), and (20), it is valid only in the laboratory frame of reference; as the fields are defined only in terms of the frame of reference of the observing instruments. The Weber theory extended to radiation, as given by equation (41), involves time retardation assuming simply a velocity c between source and observer, in particular, a velocity c relative to the observer. This result (41) does not, therefor, include the effect of absolute space. The velocity of energy propagation of electromagnetic waves is observed to be fixed relative to absolute space^11-16 and not fixed relative to the moving observer. The result (41) is, thus, only valid for an absolute stationary observer of for v/c negligible. Absolute space may be introduced by noting that the restarted potentials (41) should be, in fact, defined in terms of the apparent retarded effects as observed therefore, be interpreted as the phase velocity, c’, observed in the moving laboratory. The wave equations (42) clearly indicate that c must be interpreted as a phase velocity. The phase velocity c’ observed in the moving laboratory is, therefore, needed in equations (41) and (42) and not the velocity of the observer, c* = c – v₀ where v₀ is the absolute velocity of te observer, or laboratory. As has already been stressed,¹⁷ electromagnetic radiation observed in an absolutely moving system must have two velocities and not just one, the phase veloicty c’ and the velocity of energy propagation c*. They need not have the same magnitude nor direction.	Key words: motional electromagnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation, energy propagation of electromagnetic waves	10	1	47-61		External Link	PDF
Spinning charged ring model of electron yielding anomalous magnetic moment	1990	Sep	Galillean Electrodynamics	A uniformly charged spinning ring is proposed as a model for the electron. Four parameters, the radius of the ring R, the half-thickness r, the total charge e, and the tangential velocity c are chosen to yield the four electron characteristics, the mass m, the charge e, the spin ħ/2, and the magnetic moment m_e. The model is completely stable under electromagnetic forces alone. The twice classical value for the gyromagnetic ratio is explained. The size of the electron equals the rationalized Compton wavelength, and the frequency of rotation equals the Compton frequency. The model yields to a higher order approximation the anomalous magnetic moment in agreement with observation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	The new tangential velocity of the ring is exactly equal to the speed of light which may be shown by calculating the condition for dimensional stability of the ring using the exact equation for inductance. Equation (50) indicates that the first approximation of tangential velocity (labeled c) is actually slightly less than the speed of light. Substituting equations (47), (48) and (50) into (41) and (42), the new magnetostatic and electrostatic energies become E’_m = E_m(1 + a/2p) E’_e = E_e(1 + a/2p) (51) which are seen to conserve energy from equations (7) and (44) and also the symmetry condition (46). Substituting the first of equations (51) and (47) into (43), it is seen that the angular momentum of spin p, is conserved as h/ 2. Substituting equations (47) and (50) into (45), the more exact magnetic moment becomes m'_e = m_e (1+ a/2p) = (eħ/2m)(1+ a/2p) (52) The anomalous magnetic moment is then given by m'_e /m_e ‐ 1 = a/2p = 0.0011613 ··· (53) which agrees with the observations to 6 or 7 places. Considering the gyromagnetic ratio m'_e /p'_s, from equations (43) and (52), it is seen to possess the same anomaly a/2p as the magnetic moment. Higher order approximations for the magnetic moment of the electron can be obtained by considering still more accurate expressions for the capacitance and self inductance of the spinning ring.	Key words: spinning electron model, electron spin model, gyromagnetic spin ratio, rationalized Compton wavelength, charged ring model	1	5	63-67	ISSN: 1047-4811	External Link	PDF
Bradley aberration proposed to measure absolute velocity of closed laboratory	1989	Dec	Foundations of Physics Letters	Bradley aberration, which uses the yearly angular displace- ment of starlight to measure the velocity of the Earth about the sun, can be used in the closed laboratory to measure the absolute velocity of the laboratory. Lasers replace star- light. Comparing the aberration for two oppositely directed light beams as a function of direction, the absolute velocity of the laboratory may be deduced. A special "telescope" to be used to detect small angular changes is described [INTRODUCTION FROM AUTHOR].	When the east component in the laboratory is found to be zero, then wt = a or a + p. When wt = a the absolute velocity of the Earth is given by v/v = e₂sin ( d - d₀) + e₃cos (d - d₀). (18) And when wt = a + p, v/v = e₂sin (d + d₀) - e₃ cos (d + d₀). (19) Thus from the measured north components when the east component is zero, v₂₁ = vsin (d – d₀) and v₂₂ = vsin (d + d₀). (20) the declination of the absolute velocity of the Earth is tan d = tan d₀(v₂₂+ v₂₁ ) / ( v₂₂ – v₂₁ ) ; (22) and the magnitude is given by v = [v²₂₁ + v²₂₂ - 2v₂₁v₂₂cos(2d₀)]^1/2/ sin (2d₀). (22) The right ascension a for v is given by the angle a = wt or wt - p when the east component of v is zero. The sense of v along a, d is determined by the sign of DI₁ (See Sec. 2).	Key words: measuring absolute velocity, Bradley aberration	2	6	607-616	ISSN: 0894-9875 1572-9524	External Link	PDF
EVIDENCE FOR WEBER-WESLEY ELECTRODYNAMICS	1991	Jan	Proceedings of the Conference on Foundations of Mathematics & Physics, Perugia, Italy, 1989	Weber-Wesley electrodynalnics predicts all of the usual results of the Maxwell theory including electromagnetic radiation. It also predicts results where the Maxwell theory fails or is not applicable: 1) the force on Ampere's bridge in agreement with the measurements of Moyssides and Pappas, 2) the tension required to rupture current carrying wires as observed by Graneau, 3) the force to drive the Graneau‐Hering submarine, 4) the force to drive the mercury in Hering’s pump, 5) the zero selftorque observed by Pappas and Vaughan on a Z‐shaped antenna, 6) the localized unipolar induction observed by Kennard cmd Miller , 7) the result of Kaufmann’s measurement of e/m without mass change with velocity, 8) a nonradiating hydrogen atom, and 9) the fine~structure splitting of hydrogen-atom energy levels without mass change with velocity. It is concluded that there is , thus, no evidence supporting mass change with velocity. Experiments are suggested [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	1 Result: THE WEBER VELOCITY SQUARED FORCES EXISTS The only serious objection to Weber electrodynamics that has ever been raised is the fact that the Weber forces between a stationary charge and a charge noving with a velocity squared, as given by Eq. (15), had never been observed. As discussed in Section 1.3 above this force between a conduction current and a stationary charge is extremely small (making the Fechner hypothesis unnecessary). Now, however, it has been shown here in Sections 8 and 9 above from the prediction of the Kaufmann experiment and the prediction of the fine structure of the energy levels of the hydrogen atom that the velocity squared Weber forces do, in fact, exist. In addition, these forces mist exist to conserve energy for an isolated system of moving charges. These forces permit a stable nonradiating hydrogen atom, as discussed in Section 9 above. A universe filled with moving charges in isolated systems conserving energy is tacit proof of the existence of these velocity squared Weber forces (which are, of course, completely lacking in Maxwell electrodynamics).	Key words: Maxwell theory with electromagnetic radiation, Wesley electrodynamics			289-234		External Link	PDF
Experimental results of Aspect et al. confirm classical local causality	1994	Jan	Physics Essays.	The claims of Aspect. Grangier, and Roger of having obtained experimental results that violate Bell's inequality, confimt traditional quantum theory. and disagree with classical local causality are shown to be incorrect. They incorrectly discard events, which they call "accidental. ” When these events are correctly retained. their results confirm classical local causality by agreeing with classical physical optics and thus with Wesley's causal quantum theory as well [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR].	It is important to know the fraction of the total coincidences that Aspect eral. subtract as “accidental.” Unfortunately all that they say is: “Typical coincidence rates without polarizers are 240 coincidences per second; for a l00-s counting period we thus obtain 150 true coincidences per second ...."³ They thus subtract about 90/240 ~ 1/3 of their coincidence counts for null delay with no polarizers (equivalent to choosing f = 0) as “accidental.” If the classical prediction, Eq. (5), is correct (and it undoubtedly is), then this means [setting f = 0 in Eq. (5)] that they subtract about (1/3)(3/4) = 1/4 from their original data as “accidental.“ In this way they convert the classical prediction (5), which they apparently observe, to the traditional quantum theoretical prediction (6). It may thus be concluded that their original unmanipulated data fit the classical physical optics result (5) or Wesley’s causal quantum theory and local causality far better than the traditional quantum theory result (6). Papers¹⁹ reporting similar experiments. such as the original experiment by Freedman and Clauser,²⁰ are not discussed here, because they contain insufficient information with regard to the “accidental” or “background" that is subtracted from the raw data to permit an adequate comparison with the classical physical optics prediction. As expected from the classical theory or Wesley's causal quantum theory, the result should be independent of the distance between the two independent detectors, as observed by Aspect et al.³As expected from classical theory or Wesley‘s causal quantum theory, the result should be independent of switching the relative angle of polarization of the two independent polarizers while the two photon bursts are in flight as observed by Aspect et al.⁵	Key words: traditional quantum theory, local causality	7	2	240-242	ISSN: 0836-1398	External Link	PDF
Proposed Weber Potential with Absolute Velocities	1995	Jul	Foundations of Physics Letters	The Weber potential U is limited to relative velocities between charges V less than (2c)^1/2 and fails when V ® 2c. If the relative velocity of action between charges is c, then U equals the root-mean-square average of the retarded and advanced Coulomb potential. But, if the velocity of action c is absolute, in agreement with light propagation, then V ® 2c must be admissible. A potential W is proposed , involving absolute individual charge velocities, that permits V ® 2c and yields W = U for small velocities.	It appears that the rate Q that the action, such as "virtual photons", can be radiated or absorbed in the direction R must be a function of the absolute velocity of the charge v; thus, Q = Q₀ (1 – (v · R/cR)²)^1/2 , (10) where Q is the rate when v • R/cR = 0. The interaction between°charges can, thus, be expected to go to zero when one charge nears the speed of light, whether it recedes or it approaches the other charge. This behavior is indicated by the two square root factors on the right of Eq.(8). This speculation, indicated by Eq.(10), seems to be supported by the observed decreased probability or rate of emission of daughter particles from a rapidly moving radioactive particle with the velocity v governed by a similar formula, Q = Q₀(1 – v²/c²)^1/2 . (11) The effect can be derived as a statistical mechanical effect (13). The velocity v in Eq. (11) should be taken as the absolute velocity of the radioactive particle. This conclusion is supported by the ability to determine the absolute velocity of the solar system using Eq.(11) and the observed cosmic ray muon flux anisotropy (14).	Key words: electrodynamics, Weber potential, absolute velocities	8	1	93-98	ISSN: 0894-9875	External Link	PDF
Oneway Sagnac Device to Measure Absolute Velocity	1994	Jan	Foundations of Physics Letters	The difference in the intensity of light produced by two independent beams passing in opposite directions through a oneway Sagnac device may be used to measure the absolute velocity of the device and, thus, the solar system.	Since the magnitude of the absolute velocity of the solar system is about 300 km/sec; v/c - 10 ^-3. This means from Eq. (16) that it is necessary to measure the quantity D I_rms /I₀ = 4p v/c to within an accuracy of 10^-2. Since differences in intensities can be readily determined to about 10^-5, using sensitive bridge networks; it would seem that the · absolute velocity of the solar system could be determined by this method to three places with an error in the third. If larger path differences can be achieved, where D = (2n + 1) l/2, where n is an integer, then still greater accuracy can be achieved; since from Eqs. (14) and (15) D I /I = 4p (2n + 1) v/c. The discussion above is for the magnitude of the component of the absolute velocity of the laboratory lying in the plane of the device. At a northern (or southern) latitude the absolute orientation of the plane of the device (if kept level in the laboratory) will change in the course of a day. Moreover, one need only make observations of DI for limited portions of a cycle of the rotating device. Thus in the neighborhood of a particular fixed angle q, one might, for example, examine values of D I for W t lying in the range q - p/8 £ W t £ q + p/8. From Eq. (14) a maximum positive difference D I could then be expected when q = f₀ , the direction of the component of the absolute velocity v in the plane of the device. It is clear that a variety of modes are available for making observations to determine the direction as well as the magnitude of the absolute velocity of the laboratory and, thus, of the solar system.	Key words: oneway Sagnac device, absolute velocity measurement	7	5	493-499	ISSN: 0894-9875	External Link	PDF
Pinch Effect and Ampere Tension to Drive Hering's Pump	1994	Jun	Foundations of Physics Letters	Contrary to Northrup's claim, the pinch effect, predicted by either the Biot-Savart law or the original Ampere law, accounts for less than half the necessary force to drive Hering's pump. The longitudinal Ampere tension, which is not predicted by the Biot-Savart law, is sufficient to account for the remaining force necessary.	Northrup [1] reports that for R₂ = 1.27 cm, R₁ = 0.635 cm, and I = 180 abamp that the mercury rose to a maximum height of h(observed) = 1.524 cm. (22) According to formula (8), where the density of mercury is z = 13,546 gm/cm³and the acceleration of gravity is g = 980.0 cm/sec², the maximum height predicted by the Biot-Savart-Maxwell theory should have been h(Biot-Savart-Maxwell) = 0.723 cm. (23) This predicted height is, thus, less than half the observed height. Due to experimental imperfections the observed height should be less than the ideal height predicted by theory. Since no force other than the pinch force, leading to the prediction (23), is available to drive the mercury in Hering's pump according to the Biot-Savart-Maxwell theory; the Biot-Savart-Maxwell theory fails. From Northrup's [1] Fig. 6 the height of the mercury cylinders are estimated to be M₁ = 2.54 cm and M₂ =3.36 cm; and the dimension of the circuit is roughly chosen as L = 18.3 cm. From Eq. (21) the height the mercury should rise according to Ampere's law (1) is roughly estimated to be h(Ampere) = 2.048 cm. (24) Although no numerical agreement can be expected here in ignorance of the precise geometry of Northrup's setup and in view of the approximations used; this result (24) does indicate that the Ampere theory, which includes both a pinch effect; and a longitudinal tension can account for the force necessary to drive Hering's pump.	Key words: Ampere force, pinch effect, Herin's pump, Biot-Savart law	7	1	95-104	ISSN: 0894-9875 1572-9524	External Link	PDF
Weber Potential from Finite Velocity of Action?	1992	Dec	Foundations of Physics Letters	The Weber potential energy U for charges q and q' separated by the distance R is U = (qq'/R) [1 - (dR/dt)² /2c². If this potential arises from a finite velocity c of energy transfer Q', where the retarded rate of transfer from q' to q is dQ(t-R/c)/dt = Q' [l - (dR/dt)/c] and where the advanced rate from q to q' is dQ(t+R/c)/dt = Q' (1 + (dR/dt)/c), then the resultant time-average root-mean-square action is given by Q' (1 - (dR/dt)²/c²)^1/2 » Q' [1 - (dR/dt)² /2c²). Identifying Q' with the Coulomb potential energy qq' /R, the Weber potential is obtained. Using the same argument, Newtonian gravitation yields a corresponding Weber potential energy, qq' /R being replaced by ( - Gmm' /R).	Since the early days of electrodynamics there have been attempts to derive Weber's electrodynamics fran Coulomb's law using a finite velocity of action. None of these prior attempts has been successful. First, because W. Weber [11, Gauss [21], Helnitoltz [22], C. Neumann [23], and others, attempting to prove the conservation of energy for velocity dependent potentials using Lagrangian formalism and becoming thereby confused and mired down in unnecessary mathematical complications, made frequent errors. Here the proof, indicated by Eqs. (1) and (2) above is trivially obvious. (This proof also indicates the nature of the velocity dependence that will allow energy to be conserved.) In general, Lagrangian formalism (with its Hamiltonian and variation principle) should be avoided; as it can produce more problems than it can solve. The fundamental empirical physics is contained in Newton's laws; and Lagrangian fonnalism "begs the question" by requiring the solution of the problem to be partially known (an energy integral of the motion) before the problem can even be stated. Second, the finite velocity of action has been restricted to retarded action alone, which involves the oneway effect of a source charge upon a detector charge. The recoil effect on the detector charge given by the advanced action has been entirely overlooked. The retarded action alone necessarily leads to a first order effect in (dR/dt)/c, as indicated by Eq. (5) above; but the Weber potential, Eq. (1), involves a second order effect in (dR/dt)/c. C. Neumann's [23] claim of having obtained a second order effect (from a first order effect) arose from an arbitrarily chosen potential and an improper use of the Lagrangian method. Similarly, the claim by Gerber [24] (for gravitation) to having obtained a second order effect (from a first order effect) arose from his improper use of the Lagrangian method. Clausius [25) refuted the claims of C. Netunann [23] (on still other grounds) as well as similar claims by Riemann [26] and Betti [27]. G.B. Brown [28] claims to having obtained a Weber like force from Coulomb's law and retarded action; but he presents no mathematical derivation. Here out-and-back action, advanced as well as retarded effects, are included, which results in a net second order effect, as indicated by Eq. (9). The present theory, although an improvement, is still speculative.	Key words: electrodynamics, Weber potential, action velocity finite, Newtonian gravitation,	5	6	597-604	ISSN: 0894-9875	External Link	PDF
EMPIRICALLY CORRECT ELECTRODYNAMICS	1997	Apr	Foundations of Physics Letters	The electrodynamics that predicts all known relevant observations is based upon the force F = (qq'R/R³)[1 - 2v · v'/c² + 3(v · R)(v'· R)/c²R² + (a - a') · R/c²] on charge q at r with the absolute velocity v and acceleration a due to charge q' at r' with absolute velocity v' and acceleration a'. where R = r - r ' . This force yields Ampere's original empirical law for the force between current elements, which predicts the many effects due to Ampere tension between colinear current elements. It yields Faraday induction as well as Müller's localized unipolar induction. The force on an accelerating charge due to a stationary charge yields Lenz's law for the induced back emf; and, when applied to gravitation, qq' being replaced by - Gmm', it yields the inertial force ma, confirming Mach's priniciple. For charge velocities approaching the velocity of light c it predicts the results of the Kaufmann‐Bucherer experiments and the Bertozzi experiment, assuming neomechanics, or mass change with velocity. It is readily written as a field theory. Introducing time retardation, it yields waves and radiation. It predicts the observed zero self-torque on the Pappas‐ Vaughan Z-shaped antenna. Energy is conserved. The Weber electrodynamic theory is shown to fail .	Since the experiments usually cited to establish neomechanics involve simultaneously questions about the electrodynamics as well as the mechanics; the canclusions based on these experiments have been questioned as ambiguous. The electrodynamics proposed here fits all known observations if neomechanics. or mass change with velocity, is assumed. This success, thus, seems to provide strong evidence in favor of neomechanics as well as the proposed electrodynamics. In addition, there is evidence for neomechanics that does not depend upon electrodynamics. Neomechanics can be derived from the Voigt‐Doppler effect for light by considering the momentum and energy of photons [43]. Using mass-energy equivalence, that is firmly established empirically in nuclear and particle physics, the change in kinetic energy v · d(mv) of a particle may be equated to a change in i t s mass-energy [44]; thus, d(mc²) = v · d(mv) = v²dm + md(v²/2). (47) This Eq.(47) may be immediately integrated to yield m= m₀/√ (1- v²/c2), (48) where m₀ is a constant of integration, the mass when v = 0. Empirically it would appear that the absolute velocity of the particle is needed in the g factor for neomechanics, as assumed here. The radioactive half-life of cosmic‐ray muons, being proportional to the g factor and thus to the absolute velocity of the muons, produces an anisotropy in the sea‐level flux of muons. Observations of this anisotropy [45] has been used to determine the absolute velocity of the solar system in agreement with other observations.	Key words: electrodyamics, forces, empirical tests, fields, Weber	10	2	189-204	ISSN: 0894-9875 1572-9524	External Link	PDF
A Mathematical Error in the Lienard-Wiechert Retarded Potentials	2000	Dec	Physics Essays	The derivation of the Lienert‐Wiechert retarded potential involves a mathematical error, so it is not a valid solution to the inhomogeneous wave equation, and it does not represent retarded action correctly. The correct retarded potential satisfying the inhomogeneous wave equation is presented, which agrees with the independent result derived from first principles based directly upon retarded action.	This Lienard ‐ Wiechert result (24) or (25) does not agree with the correct retarded Coulomb potential (12) or (13) derived from the inhomogeneous wave equation (1) and from first principles. Thus, the Lienard ‐ Wiechert potential is not only not a proper solution to the inhomogeneous wave equation (1), it also violates first principles. It may be noted from (24) or (25) that the Lienard ‐ Wiechert. retarded potential implies a velocity of action that is not c but depends upon the velocity of the source, contrary to observations	Key words: retarded potential, Lienard-Wiechert wrong, electrodynamics	13	4	589-592	ISSN: 0836-1398	External Link	PDF
--	1980	Jan	Foundations of Physics	--	Comments on Prokhovnik's Critique of Marinov's Experiment – placeholder.	Key words: coupled mirror experiment, velocity of the sun	10	9-10	803-805	ISSN: 0015-9018 1572-9516	External Link	PDF
--	1980	Jan	Foundations of Physics	--	Comments on Prokhovnik's Critique of Marinov's Experiment – placeholder.	Key words: coupled mirror experiment, velocity of the sun	10	9-10	803-805	ISSN: 0015-9018 1572-9516	External Link	PDF